PAUL. 
did, which was offered him by Charles V. and even re- 
figned all his eccleliaftical preferments, in the year 15x4. 
He then retired to Mount Pincio, where he inftituted a 
new order of regular priefts, whom he denominated 
Theatines, from the archbilhopric which he had held; 
and, becoming a member of their fraternity, he conformed 
to all the rigorous rules to which he had fubjefted them, 
preferring the folitude of a monadic life, with the ho¬ 
nour of being the founder of a new order, to the higheft 
dignities and greateft grandeur which the court of Rome 
could offer him. In this retreat he continued many 
years, until pope Paul III. induced by the fame of his 
fanflity, called him toRome,in order to confult with him 
concerning the moll proper and effeftual meafures for 
fuppreffing herefy, and re-eftablifhing the ancient autho¬ 
rity of the church. Having thus enticed him from his 
retirement, the pope, partly by his entreaties, and partly 
by his authority, perfuaded him tore-affume the benefices 
which he had refigned, and to accept of a cardinal’s hat, 
in the year 1536, 
After having been thus promoted to the purple, Ca- 
raffa retained his monadic auderity, both under the art¬ 
ful and intereded pontificate of Paul, and the diffolute 
government of Julius III. He was a bitter enemy of all 
innovation in opinion, and had ever fliown the mod fu¬ 
rious zeal againll Lutheranifm. He appeared on every 
occafion a violent advocate for the jurifdi&ion and difi- 
cipline of the church, and was the chief indrument in 
edablilhing the formidable and odious tribunal of the 
Inquifition in the papal territories. Upon the death of 
pope Marcellus II. in 1555, the conclave foon united in 
the choice of cardinal Caraffa for his fucceffor, who was 
then at the advanced age of feventy-nine ; and this cir- 
cumdance had no little weight in promoting his election, 
as itdattered the other competitors with the profpeft of 
feeing, ere long, another vacancy in the papal chair. At 
his coronation, out of grateful refpeft to the memory of 
Paul III. he took the name of Paul IV. When the 
Roman courtiers were informed of his eleftion, from the 
auderity of his character they anticipated a fevere and 
violent pontificate; while the people of Rome were ap- 
prehenfive of feeing the rigour of monadic manners fub- 
dituted in the room of the gaiety or magnificence to 
Which they had been fo long accudomed in the papal 
court. However, Paul commenced his government by 
ordering his coronation to be conducted with greater 
pomp and ceremony than ufual ; and, when the mader 
of his houfehold enquired in what manner he chofe to 
live, he haughtily replied, “ as becomes a great prince.’' 
He alfo ufed great date and pomp in his fird confidory, 
when he gave audience to the ambafladors of Mary queen 
of England, who came to tender her obedience to the 
papal lee ; on which occafion he gave the title of a king¬ 
dom to Ireland. Afterwards, at a private conference, he 
infided that all the ecclefialtical poflefflons which had 
been feized by Henry VIII. fliould be redored to the 
church, and that the Peter-pence Ihould be immediately 
collected for the ufe of the Roman fee. Having thus at¬ 
tained to the highed dignity to which he could afpire, 
the principal objeil which he appears to have had at 
heart was the aggrandizing of his nephews, to whom he 
gave himfelf up with unbounded confidence and attach¬ 
ment. On count Montorio, the elded, he bedowed the 
dukedom of Palliano, of which he had violently difpof- 
feffed Mark-Antony Colonna ; on the fecond he con¬ 
ferred the government of Rome, with the county of 
Bagno, and the title of marquis of Montebello; and the 
younged, w'ho had hitherto ferved as a foldier of fortune 
in the armies of Spain or France, he created a cardinal, 
and nominated him to the important legation of Bologna. 
Unhappily for the peace of Europe, the ambition of 
Paul’s nephews was too afpiring to be fatisfied with the 
dignities to which they had been appointed. Their 
aims were direfted to fome fovereign and independent 
edablilhments, fuch as had been procured by Leo and 
409 
Clement for the Medici, and by Paul III. for the family 
of Farnefe. This defign they faw no profpefl whatever 
of accomplilhing, but by difpofleding the emperor of 
fome of his Italian dominions; and to attempt fuch an 
undertaking, both Paul and his nephews were incited by 
motives of refentment as well as of intereft. Cardinal 
Caraffa, while he ferved in the emperor’s army in Ger¬ 
many, had been put under arrelt for challenging a Spanilh 
officer; and afterwards he was prevented by the empe¬ 
ror’s orders from taking poffeflion of a priory in Naples, 
which the pope had conferred on him. Difgufted by this 
treatment, and moreover difpofed to receive imprefiions 
unfavourable ro the emperor, owing to the oppolition 
which his election to the papacy had met with from the 
cardinals of the imperial faftion, he refolved, in confor¬ 
mity with the advice of his nephews, to endeavour to 
enter into a treaty of alliance with the French king 
Henry II. againll; the emperor Charles V. According to 
the articles of this alliance, they were to attack the duchy 
of Tufcany and the kingdom of Naples with their united 
forces ; and, in cafe their arms fliould prove fuccefsful, 
its ancient republican form of government was to be re- 
eftablifhed in the former, and the inveftiture of the latter 
granted to one of the French king’s fons; referving a 
certain territory for the ecclefiafticai ftate, and independ¬ 
ent eftablifliments for each of Paul’s nephews. 
The propofal of fuch a treaty proved very acceptable to 
Henry himfelf, who was allured by the profpeH which it 
opened to him of acquiring thofe Italian dominions for 
which his predeceflors had fo often contended ; and it 
was determined that the cardinal of Lorraine fliould be 
fent to Rome, with full powers to bring it to a conclufion. 
In the mean time the pope, having had leifure to reflect 
on the danger and uncertain iffue of a war with fo power¬ 
ful a prince as the emperor, and probably yielding to 
theaddrefs with which the imperial ambaflador had la¬ 
boured to foothe him, began to lofe much of his ardour 
for continuing the negotiation with France; when intel¬ 
ligence which he received from Germany rekindled all 
his former rage againft the emperor, and made him de- 
firous of putting the laft hand to the treaty. It brought 
him advice of the Recefs of the diet of Augfburg, and of 
the toleration which was thereby granted to the Proteft- 
ants in Germany. This information excited in him moil 
violent tranfports of paffion. Full of high ideas with re- 
fpedt to the papal prerogative, and animated with the 
fierce!! zeal againft herefy, he confidered the affembly’s 
decifion concerning religious matters, to be a prefump- 
tuous and unpardonable encroachment on that jurifdic- 
tion which belonged to him alone, and regarded the in¬ 
dulgence which had been given to the Proteftants as an 
impious aft of that power which the diet had ufurped. 
He infilled that the Recefs fliould be immediately de¬ 
clared illegal and void ; threatening the emperor and 
king of the Romans, fliould they either refufe or delay 
to gratify him in this refpeft, with the fevered effects of 
his vengeance. Such a tone of authority and command 
might have been affumed by a pontiff of the twelfth cen¬ 
tury ; but in the age of Charles V. it was impotent and 
contemptible extravagance. In this difpofition the car¬ 
dinal of Lorraine found the pope, and foon obtained his 
fignature to a treaty, which had for its objeft the ruin of 
a prince againft whom he was fo highly exafperated; and 
afterwards both parties began privately to prepare for 
putting it in execution. 
Scarcely had the treaty between the pope and the king 
of France been figned two months, before Henry forgot 
the obligations under which it laid him, and agreed to a 
truce with the emperor, who was upon the point of re- 
figning all his hereditary dominions (Spain, &c.) to his 
fon Philip, and of retiring from the world. When the 
news reached Rome that this truce was aftually con¬ 
cluded, and fworn to by Henry as well as Charles and 
Philip, in February 1556, it excited in the pope and his 
nephews the utmoft altonifhment and terror. They were 
confcious 
