410 
P A 
confcious that, by their engagements with the French 
king, which were no longer fecret, they had highly irri¬ 
tated the emperor and his fon; and, finding that the duke 
of'Alva had begun to affemble troops on the frontiers of 
the ecclefiaftical ftate, they dreaded that they fhould feel 
the full weight of that vengance which they merited. 
Under thefe circumftances, Paul determined to have re- 
courfe to the arts of negociation and intrigue. He af- 
fefted, as being the father of the Chriftian church, to ap¬ 
prove highly of the truce, confidering it to be a happy 
expedient for putting a flop to the effufion of Chriftian 
blood ; and he exhorted the rival princes to embrace this 
favourable opportunity of fetting on-foot a negociation 
for a definitive peace, offering himfelf to be mediator be¬ 
tween them. Under this pretext he nominated cardinal 
Rebiba his nuncio to the court of Bruflels, and his ne¬ 
phew cardinal Caraffa to that of Paris. But the real de- 
fign of Caraffa’s embaffy, was to folicit the French king to 
renounce the treaty of truce, and to renew his engage¬ 
ments with the holy fee; and he was commanded to fpare 
neither entreaties, nor promifes, nor bribes, in order to 
gain that point. In purfuance of his inftruftions, Caraffa 
fet out inftantly for Paris, and travelled with the utmoft 
expedition ; while Rebiba was purpofely detained at 
Rome for feveral weeks, and, when it became neceffary 
for him to begin his journey, he was ordered to protraf! it 
as much as pofiible, that the iflue of Caraffa’s negociation 
might be known before he could arrive at Bruifels. In 
the mean time Caraffa arrived at Paris, where he pre- 
fented a conlecrated fword to the king, and by his re- 
monftrances and promifes, which w'ere fupported not 
only by the perfuafions of the duke of Guife and his 
brother the cardinal of Lorrain, but by the addrefs of the 
queen, and the more powerful arts of Diana of Poitiers, 
w hom he had gained over to his party, he completely 
fucceeded in the object of his million. All the prudent 
remonftrances of Montmorency and the other wife ad- 
vifers of the king were difregarded ; the nuncio abfolved 
Henry from his oath ; and he figned a new treaty with the 
pope, which rekindled the flames of war both in Italy 
and the Low r Countries. Upon this a meflenger was dif- 
patched to meet cardinal Rebiba, with information of 
what had palled, and inftrudtions for him to return to 
Rome. 
As foon as Paul was informed by his nephew that there 
was a fair profpedt of his fucceeding in this negociation, 
he threw off the malic ; put under arreft the Spanilh en¬ 
voy at his court; treated with much feverity and injuf- 
tice all thofe whom he fufpefted of being attached to the 
Spanilh intereft; and ordered a legal information to be 
prefented in a confiftory of cardinals again!! Philip, on 
pretence that, as his liege-lord, he had a right to deprive 
him of the kingdom of Naples, on account of his having 
failed in the payment of the annual tribute due to the 
pope from the polfelfor of it, as well as of various adts of 
treafon again!! the holy fee. But, while Paul was weakly 
difplaying fuch proofs of his pride and refentment, the 
duke of Alva took the field, and entered the ecclefiaftical 
territories. As none of the French forces which by the 
treaty with Henry were to be fent to the pope’s afiiftar.ee 
were yet arrived, Alva foon became mailer of the Cam- 
pagna Romana, taking pofleffion of the cities in the name 
of the facred college and the future pope ; and he con¬ 
tinued to advance, till his troops, by making excurfions 
even to the gates of Rome, filled that city with confter- 
nation. In this fituation Caraffa found his uncle’s af¬ 
fairs upon his return from France; and, knowing the 
importance of obtaining time for the arrival of the ex¬ 
pelled fuccours, he prevailed on Paul, who, from pride 
and obftinacy, was extremely reluflant, to apply to Alva 
for a celfation of arms. That commander was the more 
difpofed to clofe with the overture, as he found it necef¬ 
fary to recruit his forces, that he might be in a condition 
to meet the approaching French army. A truce was ac¬ 
cordingly concluded for ten, and afterwards for forty, 
U L. 
days, during which various fchemes of peace were pro- 
pofed, without any fincerity on the part of the pope. 
This he fhowed fufficiently on the arrival of one body of 
French troops, and the receipt of a confiderable fum re¬ 
mitted by the king of France ; when he became more 
arrogant than ever, and banilhed all thoughts from his 
mind but thofe of war and revenge. Hollilities were 
again renewed; but with fo much fticcefs again!! the 
caufe of the church, that Paul, proud and obftinate as 
he was, found it neceffary to accommodate himfelf to the 
exigency of his fituation. He accordingly employed the 
mediation of the Venetians, and of Cofmo de Medici, in 
order to obtain peace; and fo reafonable was Philip II. 
of Spain in his expectations, that, though he had the pope 
at his feet, yet he allowed him to finilh the war without 
any detriment to the papal fee. The conqueror, owing 
to his fuperftitious attachment to the church, appeared 
in the abjeCt character of a humble fuppliant, and ac¬ 
knowledged his error; while he who had been the moll 
arrogant hypocrite, though completely vanquilhed, re¬ 
tained his ufual haughtinefs, and was treated with every 
mark of fuperiority. 
Paul now had leifure, and he applied that leifure to 
render his favourite tribunal of the Inquifition a more 
efficient inftrument fOr the eradication of herefy. With 
this view, he directed the inquifitors to draw up a cata¬ 
logue of fuch books as were thought proper to be con¬ 
demned, as impious and heretical. This Index Expur- 
gatorius was publilhed two years afterwards; and all were 
prohibited, under pain of excommunication, perpetual 
infamy, and other arbitrary puniffiments, from polfeffing 
any of the books mentioned in that catalogue. The 
pope likewife ordered the tribunal of the Inquifition to 
take cognizance of feveral crimes which before had been 
under the jurifdiCtion of the other courts ; and he de- 
fervedly incurred univerfal odium, by being fo aCtive and 
diligent in his inquiry after criminals, that he quickly 
filled all the prilons of the inquifition. In the year 1558, 
the college of the electors of the empire having been af- 
fembled at Frankfort, the prince of Orange laid before 
them the inftrument with which he had been entrufted 
by Charles V. containing his refignation of the imperial 
crown, and the transfer of it to Ferdinand king of the 
Romans, which the college accepted and approved, and 
put Ferdinand in pofleffion of all the enfigns of imperial 
dignity. When the new emperor fent his chancellor to 
acquaint the pope with this tranfaCtion, Paul declared all 
the proceedingsat Frankfort illegal and invalid, as tranf- 
aCted without his authority, and refufed to acknowledge 
Ferdinand as emperor fo long as he lived. The fame 
pretenfions were maintained by him in the inftance of 
queen Elizabeth of England, who announced to him by 
her ambafiador that lhe had acceded to the throne : lie 
haughtily declared that the kingdom was a fief of the holy 
fee, and that lhe had no right to aflume the crown with¬ 
out his leave. She nobly defpifed his claims, threw off 
the papal yoke, and, after the example of her father and 
brother, affumed, with the concurrence of parliament, 
the fupremacy in all matters, ecclefiaftical as w’ell as tem¬ 
poral, within her dominions. The mortification which 
this event occafioned to Paul was increafed by the intel¬ 
ligence which he received from his nuncio in Germany, 
that at the diet of Auglburg, in 1558, Ferdinand had 
confirmed the treaty of Paflau, which eftablilhed the 
peace of religion, and alfo the decrees of the fubfequent 
diets. He was equally difpleafed with the peace con¬ 
cluded between France and Spain, fince, by one of the 
articles, the refpeftive fovereigns bound themfelves to 
labour in concert for procuring the convocation of a ge¬ 
neral council, in order to promote the reformation of the 
church, and to devife expedients for eftablilhing unity 
and concord in the religious world. Shortly after this, 
the pope was very defirous of convincing the world, that 
he had iincerely at heart a correction of abufes in the 
church ; and, with this view, he ordered all bilhops to 
proceed 
