P A 
proceed to their own diocefes, and all who had embraced 
a monaftic life to return to their monafteries, admitting 
of no excufe whatever with regard to the lad; and he ex¬ 
ecuted his mandate with fuch feverity, that many of the 
vagrant monks were imprifoned, and fome of them fent 
to the galleys. Towards the clofe of life he exhibited 
his impartiality in the punifhment of crimes, by direft- 
ing his feverity againd his nephews, who had, in many 
indances, abufed the truds repoled in them. He alfo 
fuppreffed fome new and very unpopular taxes, which he 
pretended had been impofed without his knowledge. It 
was now almod too late to aft upon a new courfe of 
practice; he was unable to remedy the evils of his ad- 
minidration, as he died in Augud 1559, in the 84th year 
of his age, and after a pontificate of little more than four 
years. Such had been his arrogance, tyranny, and op- 
predions, and he had rendered himfelf fo univerfally the 
objeft of hatred, that, when he was upon his death-bed, 
the Romans rofe tumultuoudy, curfed his name and fa¬ 
mily, and then, flying to the capitol, druck off the head 
of a datue erefted to him but three months before, which 
they dragged through the public dreets of the city, and 
at lad threw it into the Tiber. The populace then 
crowded to the prifon of the Inquifition, forced open the 
doors, releafed feveral hundred prifoners, then fet fire to 
the building, which was foon reduced to afhes, with all 
the papers and records of that court. An edift was then 
publifhed for abolifhing the arms of the Carad’a family, 
and in a fingle day there was not an all the city a memo¬ 
rial of them left. Paul was the author of a treatife De 
Symbolo; another, De Emendanda Ecclefia ad Paulum 
III. befides the rules by which his monadery was go¬ 
verned, entitled Regulae Theatinorum. Bower. Robert- 
Jbn's Hijl. of Charles V. vol. iv. Watfon's Hiji. of Phil. II. 
PAUL V. (Pope), formerly called Camillo Borghefe, 
was defcended from a family of fome didinftion at Sienna, 
and born at Rome in the year 1552. He principally at¬ 
tached himfelf to the dudy of the civil law, in which fa¬ 
culty he took the degree of doftor, and acquired high re¬ 
putation for his knowledge of it. In the year 1588, he was 
condituted vice-legate of Bologna; and pope Gregory 
XIV. appointed him to fill the important office of auditor 
of the chamber. By pope Clement VIII. he was pro¬ 
moted to the college of cardinals, and fent nuncio into 
Spain ; and, after his return from that million, the fame 
pontiff nominated him his vicar, which is one of the four 
principal dignities in the Roman church. Upon the 
death of Leo XI. in 1605, various candidates for the va¬ 
cant throne were unfuccefsfully propofed by their re- 
Ipeftive friends in the conclave, and among others, car¬ 
dinals Bellarmine and Baronius. At length the nomi¬ 
nation of cardinal Borghefe met with the concurrence 
of all parties, his vigorous age of fifty-three being the 
only objeftion againlt him. At his coronation he took 
the name of Paul V. and almoft immediately afterwards 
difcovered his fpirit of nepotifm, by bellowing the car¬ 
dinal’s hat on Scipio Caffarelli, his fifter’s fon; and by 
appointing his two brothers, Francis and John Baptift, to 
the important offices of governor of the Vatican, and go¬ 
vernor of St. Angelo. No one of his predeceffors ex¬ 
ceeded this pontiff in zeal for advancing the ecclefiaffical 
authority and jurifdiftion of the papal fee, or fhowed 
himfelf more violent in endeavouring to execute his ven¬ 
geance on fuch as enqroached upon his pretended 
prerogatives. His zeal in defence of the pretended rights 
and powers of his fee was particularly difplayed in the 
rafh and unfuccefsful conteft into which he entered with 
the republic of Venice, in the year i 6 o 5 . The Venetians 
had publifhed feveral laws for reftraining the licentiouf- 
- nefs of the clergy, and for other purpofes neceffary for 
the well-being of their ftate, which the pope ordered to 
be refcinded. This they refufed, and juftifled their con- 
duft with.great fpirit. When Paul found that they op- 
pofed his .demands, his fury was inflamed to the higheft 
pitch. Having fuffered himfelf to be publicly ftyled 
Vol. XIX. No. 1312. 
U L. 411 
“Vice-God upon earth, the Monarch of Chriftendom, 
and the Supporter of Papal Omnipotence,” he was re- 
folved to keep up his charafter, by pouring down upon 
the republic the full weight of his vengeance. It was, 
however, to no purpofe : the Venetians refilled, and car¬ 
ried their point; and, at the fame time, they banifhed 
the Jefuits and Capuchins, who had thought proper 
openly to break the laws of the ftate, by obeying the 
pope. In this conteft they employed their ableft pens, 
particularly that of the learned and ingenious Father 
Paul, (fee the next article,) to demonftrate, on the one 
hand, the juftice of their caufe, and to determine, on the 
other, after an accurate and impartial enquiry, the true 
limits of the Roman pontiff’s jurifdiftion and authority. 
The arguments of thefe writers were fo ftrong and ur¬ 
gent, that Baronius, and the other learned advocates 
whom the pope employed in fupporting his pretenfions 
and defending his meafures, ftruggled in vain againft. 
their irreliftible evidence. 
In the mean time, the Congregation de Auxiliis, which: 
was firffc affembled by pope Clement VIII. in order to 
terminate the controverfy between the Jefuits and Do¬ 
minicans on the fubjeft of Grace, had held fixteen feffions 
under the pontificate of Paul. In thefe feffions, it was 
not fo much their objeft to enter into the merits of the 
caufe, as to confider about the moft prudent and proper 
method of finifhing the conteft. At length, the refult 
of their long and ferious deliberations refembled the de¬ 
livery of the mountain in the fable, being nothing more 
than a refolution that the whole controverfy, inftead of 
being decided, fhould be fuppreffed; and that each of the 
contending parties fhould have the liberty of following 
their refpeftive opinions. The Dominicans affert, that 
Paul had exprefsly ordered a folemn condemnation of 
the doftrine of the Jefuits to be drawn up; but was pre¬ 
vented from finifhing and publifhing it by his quarrel 
with the Venetians. The Jefuits, on the other hand, re- 
prefent this account of the Dominicans to be entirely 
fiftitious. What the truth might be, we do not deem it 
of any importance to inquire. 
About this time, the form of the oath of allegiance 
required to be taken by popifft recufants in England 
having been fubmitted to the confideration of the college 
of cardinals, they were unanimoufty of opinion that no 
true catholic could take it with a Life confcience; upon 
which the pope difpatched a brief to this kingdom, pro¬ 
hibiting all papifts from fubmitting to it, and exhorting 
them patiently to endure all manner of perfecution rather 
than comply. During the year 1609, an ambaffador ar¬ 
rived at Rome from the king of Congo in Africa, to re- 
queft that the pope would fend with him, on his return, 
learned miffionaries to propagate Chriftanity in that 
country ; but the death of the ambaffador foon after his 
arrival, occafioned that defign to be poftponed to fome 
future time. In the fame year, the pope received letters 
from the king of Perfia, which had been procured by the 
archbifhop of Goa, and were foon afterwards followed by 
an ambaffador from the fame prince. Thefe letters and 
this minifter were moft probably fent at the inftigation 
of fome of the king’s Armenian fubjefts who had em¬ 
braced the catholic creed, with a view to procure fome 
arrangements for their benefit. That they were not fent 
to yield fpiritual obedience to the Roman pontiff, as was 
at one time pretended, it would now be a neediefs talk 
to prove. To the Perfian embaffy fucceeded another 
private one from Elias, the Neftorian patriarch at Babylon, 
who, having received a confefflon of the Roman faith 
from Paul towards the commencement of his pontificate, 
now fent an archdeacon to Rome with a new confeftion, 
drawn up in different terms from the Roman, but in¬ 
tended tofatisfy the pope that the faith of the orientals 
differed only in words from that of Rome. But even fuch 
a difference could not be tolerated by papal pride ; and 
the archdeacon was obliged to fubmit, not only to the 
doftrines, but to the words, of the Roman church. 
5N 
In 
