PEN 
own good will, by giving money to the prelate, or to the 
party grieved, it (hall be required before the prelate, and 
the king’s prohibition (hall not lie. 
PE'NAR VAL'LI, f. in botany. See Zanonia. 
PENAT', a town of Hindooftan : thirty miles fouth- 
fouth-eaft of Agra. „ . 
PEN'ATES, in the ancient mythology, a term applied 
to all the domeftic gods, whom the ancients adored in 
their lioufes: whence they are ordinarily confounded with 
the lares. See Lar. 
Authors are not all agreed about the origin of the dii 
penates, who were properly the tutelary gods of the Tro¬ 
jans, and were only adopted by the Romans, who gave 
them the title of penates. 
The penates feem to have originated in a vulgar opinion 
which prevailed very generally amongft mankind, that the 
manes of their anceftors took pleafure after death to dwell 
in their houfes, where indeed they were frequently in¬ 
terred, and where their piftures ufed to be preferved in 
the places that were molt refpe£led. After having been 
accuftomed toconfider them under the charafter of illuf- 
trious perfons, they by degrees paid them refpeft and 
homage, they then implored their affiftance, and laftly 
they fucceeded to the worftiip and religious ceremonies. 
The penates were therefore the manes of their anceftors, 
which St. Auguftine (de Civ. Dei. ix. 11.) maintains, on 
the authority of Apuleius and Photinus; and in procefs 
of time they were alTociated with all the other gods with¬ 
out diftinftion. 
The ftatues of thefe gods were made not only of wax, as 
fome authors pretend, but indifferently of all forts of ma¬ 
terials, even of filver itfelf: they were confecrated in the 
moft fecret places ; altars were erefted to them, lamps 
kept burning, and fymbols added, all of them expreftive 
of vigilance. Anciently children were offered to them in 
facrifice; but Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, dif- 
continued this barbarous praftice ; and from that time 
nothing was offered to them but wine, incenfe, fruits, 
and fometimes bloody viftims, lambs, (beep, &c. their 
ftatues were likewife crowned with feftoons of garlic 
and poppy. In the public facrifices offered to the pe¬ 
nates, they facrificed to them a fow. It was in the time 
of the Saturnalia that they celebrated the feftival of the 
lares and penates ; and there was a day befides in each 
month fet apart for the worfhip of thefe domeftic gods. 
At the temple confecrated to thefe gods in Rome, 
there was fet apart for them a holiday, which was obferved 
with much folemnity; and this was the fecond of the ka¬ 
lends of January, or the laft day of December. To this 
were added the games called Compitales. Indeed, the re- 
fpebf paid to the penates was fo great, that no important 
enterprife was undertaken without confulting them: 
their figures were even fometimes carried about in jour¬ 
neys, as we learn from Apuleius: “ Wherever I go,” fays 
he, “I always carry with mein my journey the figure of 
fome god.” 
Authors have conje&ured, that the idols which Jacob 
brought from the houfe of Laban his father-in-law, and 
which the Scripture denominates “ teraphim,” were gods 
penates, whofe worfhip was propagated afterwards into 
Phrygia, and tranfmitted from thence into Greece and 
and ltaly. This, it is confidently afferted, was their true 
origin. 
PENATO'LEN, a town of Chili: twenty miles eaft of 
St. Yago de la Nueva Eftremadura. 
_ PENATOO'R, a town of Hindooftan, in the Carnatic: 
eight miles weft of Gingee. 
PENAUTI'ER, a town of France, in the department 
of theAude: three miles north-weft of Carcaffonr.e. 
PEN'BRAY, a cape on the Couth coaft of Wales, in 
the Briftol Channel; three miles fouth of Kidwelly. 
PENBUGHTO'E HEAD', a cape of South Wales, 
on the north coaft of the county of Pembroke. Lat. 51. 
56. N. Ion. 5. 5. W. 
PENCA'DER, a village of South Wales, in the county 
3 
PEN 533 
of Caermarthen. In the year 1038 a battle was fought 
here between Griffith prince of North Wales, and Howel 
prince of South Wales, in which the latter was defeated. 
Hovvel’s wife was made prifoner, and the prince himfelf 
very narrowly efcaped. It is ten miles fouth-fouth-weft 
of Llanbeder. 
PENCAR'ROW, a cape in the Englilh Channel, on 
the fouth coaft of Cornwall: two miles eaft from the river 
Fowey. 
PEN'CIL, f. [penicillum, Lat.] A fmall bruflt of hair 
which painters dip in their colours.—There are pencils 
of various k'inds, and made of various matters; the moft 
ufual are of badgers and fquirrels hair, thofe of fwans 
down_, and thofe of boars briftles; which laft are bound 
to a (tick, bigger or lefs according to the ufes they are def- 
tined for ; and, when large, are called brnjhes. The others 
are inclofed in the barrel of a quill. The ancients, M. 
Felibien obferves, had pencils made of little pieces of 
fponge ; whence, doubtlefs, the ftory of the painter, who, 
not able to exprefs the foam of a horfe, fucceeded by 
throwing the fponge at the pi&ure. Chambers. —Black 
lead (Graphites) laid between two grooved (lips of ce¬ 
dar, and then cut to point.—Black lead in fine powder 
may be readily mixed with melted fulphur ; and, though 
the compound remains fluid enough to be poured into 
moulds, it looks nearly like the coarfer forts of black 
lead itfelf. This was probably the method by which, 
prince Rupert is faid to have made black lead run like a 
metal in a mould, fo as to ferve for black lead again. 
The German black-lead pencils, and thofe which are 
hawked about among us, are prepared in this manner : 
their melting or foftening, when held in a candle, or ap¬ 
plied to a red-hot iron, and yielding a bluifti flame, with 
a ftrong fmell like that of briinftone, difeovers their com* 
pofition. Pencils of this kind are hard and brittle, and 
cut or fcratch the paper or wood, inftead of marking 
them. The true Englilh pencils are formed of black lead 
alone, (awed into (lips, which are fitted into a groove 
made of the fofteft wood, as cedar, and another (lip of 
wood glued over them. Thefe pencils, however, are of 
different quality, on account of different forts of the 
mineral being fraudulently joined together in one pencil, 
the fore-part being commonly pretty good, and the reft 
of an inferior kind. To avoid thefe inconveniences, 
fome take the finer pieces of black lead itfelf, which they 
faw into (lips, and fix for ufe in port crayons. Leivis’s 
Commerce of Arts. —A black-lead pencil is certainly a 
very neat and convenient inftrument; and we may join 
in the prayer or thankfgiving of an old Nubian, who faw 
Mr. Waddington ufinghis pencil: “ Praifed be God, the 
Creator of the World, who has taught man to inclofe 
ink in the centre of a bit of wood.” Waddington and 
Hanbury’s Journal of a Vilit to Ethiopia, 1822. —Any 
inftrument of writing without ink. A little flag or 
((reamer; [ pcnnoncel , old Fr.] Obfolete. —She made him 
wear a pcncell of her fleve. Chaucer's Tr. and Crej]'. 
To PEN'CIL, v. a. To paint: 
Smooth forehead, like the table of high Jove, 
Small penciU'd eyebrows like two glorious rainbows. 
Trag. of Soliman and Perfeda, 1599. 
PENCK, a town of Germany, in the principality of 
Culmbach : four miles north-eaft of Bayreuth. 
PEN'CKUM, a town of Anterior Pomerania : thirteen 
miles fouth-weft of Old Stettin, and forty-four north- 
north-weft of Cuftrin. Lat. 53. 15. N. Ion. 14. 20. E. 
PEN'CO. See Conception, vol. v. p. 13. 
PEN'DANT, f. [French.] A jewel hanging to the 
ear: 
Some thrid the mazy ringlets of her hair, 
Some hang upon the pendants of her ear. Pope, 
Any thing hanging by way of ornament: 
Unripe fruit whole verdant (talks do cleave 
Clofe to the tree, which grieves no lefs to leave 
The 
