555 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
to law, except there be ftrong prefumption of fraud ; that 
the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus fhall not be 
fufpended but in time of rebellion or public danger ; that 
no ex pojl fcido law fhall be made; that no perfon fhall be 
attainted by the legiflature, or forfeit his eftate for a 
longer term than his own life ; that no title of nobility 
or' hereditary diftin&ion fhall ever be granted. The 
conftitution above deferibed was ratified in 1790. 
In the year i3ii, Pennfylvania was divided into forty- 
three counties, as in the following Table. 
Counties. 
No. of 
Towns. 
No. of In¬ 
habitants. 
Chief Towns. 
No. of In¬ 
habitants. 
City and County \ 
of Philadelphia 5 
18 
81,009 
Philadelphia 
41,220 
Montgomery 
28 
24,150 
Norriftown 
022 
Bucks 
28 
27,496 
Newtown 
781 
Delaware 
21 
12,809 
Chefter 
957 
Chelter 
40 
32,093 
Weft-Chefter 
374 
Lancafter 
25 
43.403 
Lancafter 
4,292 
Berks 
35 
32,407 
Reading 
2,886 
Northampton 
3 ° 
30,062 
Eafton 
1,055 
Luzerne 
19 
12,839 
Wilklburg 
835 
Dauphin 
12 
22,270 
Harrilburg 
1,472 
Northumberland 
24 
27.797 
Sunbury 
613 
Wayne 
9 
2,562 
Adams 
l6 
13,172 
Getty fburg 
Allegany 
l6 
15,087 
Pittfburg 
U 56 j 
Armftrong 
3 
2,399 
Beaver 
6 
5,776 
Beaverton 
Bedford 
12 
12,039 
Bedford 
Butler 
4 
3,916 
Crawford 
2 
2,346 
Meadville 
Cumberland 
18 
25,386 
Carlifle. 
2,0^2 
Fayette 
17 
20,159 
Union 
V 7 19 
Franklin 
14 
1 9, 6 38 
Chamberfton 
Green 
10 
8,605 
Waynelboro’ 
Huntingdon 
18 
1 3,008 
Huntingdon 
1,251 
Lycoming 
Mercer 
10 
5,414 
3,220 
Wiiliamfport 
Mifflin & Center 
12 
13,609 
$ Lewifburg 
( & Bellefont 
Somerfet 
13 
10,188 
Somerfet 
Venango 
2 
1,130 
Franklin 
Warren 
1 
233 
Warren 
Walhington 
22 
28,298 
Walhington 
Weftmoreland 
22,726 
Greenlburgh 
York 
18 
25,6 43 
York 
Erie 
Cambria 
Indiana 
Clearfield 
Jefrerfon 
6 
1,468 
Erie 
Tioga 
Potter 
M'Kean 
The total numberof acres in all the counties is reckoned 
at 29,634,840 ; and a great portion of the ftate is divided 
into townfhips, in each of which the freemen aflemblean- 
nually to choofe overfeers or the poor, afl'eflbrs, a collector, 
fupervifors of roads, and a conftable. The number of 
inhabitants, which (March 3, 1821) is 1,049,458, includes 
only 211 flaves. 
In this ftate are fix confiderable rivers; viz. the Dela¬ 
ware, Schuylkill, Sufquehanna, Youghiogeny, Monong- 
ahela, and Allegany, The only fwamps worthy of no¬ 
tice are, the Great Swamp, between Northampton and 
Luzerne counties, and Buffaloe Swamp, near the head 
waters of the Sufquebannah. Thefe fwamps are found, 
upon examination, to be bodies of firm land, thickly co¬ 
vered with beech and fugar-maple. A confiderable pro¬ 
portion of this ftate may be reckoned mountainous. 
The principal ridges, in the great range of the Allegany 
mountains, comprehended in Pennfylvania, are the Kit- 
Vol. XIX. No. 1324. 
tatinny, or Blue Mountains. Behind thefe, and nearly 
parallel to them, are Peters, Tufcarora, and Nefcopek, 
mountains, on the eaft of the Sufquehannah ; and, on the 
weft, Sharemon’s hills, Sideling hills, Ragged, Great 
Warriors, Evit’s and Will’s, mountains ; then the great 
Allegany ridge, which, being the largeft, gives name to 
the whole range ; and weft of this are the Chefnut ridges. 
Between the Juniata and the weft branch of the Sufque¬ 
hannah are Jack’s, Tufty’s, Nittiny, and Bald Eagle, 
mountains. The vales between thefe mountains are ge¬ 
nerally of a rich black foil, fuited to the various kinds 
of grafs and grains. Some of the mountains admit of 
cultivation almoft to their fummits. The other parts 
of the ftate are generally level, or agreeably variegated 
with hills and valleys. 
The climate of Pennfylvania is very agreeable, and 
the air fweet and clear. The fall , or autumn, begins 
about the 20th of October, and lafts till the beginning of 
December, when the winter fets in, which continues till 
March. Frofty weather, and extreme cold feafons, are 
frequently known here; fo that the river Delaware, 
though very broad, is often times froze over; but at the 
fame time the weather is dry and healthy. The fpring 
lafts from March till June, but the weather is then more 
inconftant than in the other feafons. The heats are very 
great in July, Auguft, and September; but mitigated fo 
much by cool breezes, that they are very tolerable. The 
wind is at fouth-weft during great part of the fummer, 
but generally at north and north-weft in fpring, fall, and 
winter; which, blowing over the-frozen lakes and fnowy 
mountains of Canada, is the true caufe of the coldnefs of 
the weather in the winter feafon. 
The foil of Pennfylvania is of various kinds: in fome 
parts it is barren ; but a great proportion of the ftate is 
good land, and no inconfiderable part of it is very good. 
In general, however, the foil is more fit for grain than 
for grafs. This ftate includes the greater part of the 
kinds of trees, flirubs, and plants, that grow within the 
United States. Oaks of feveral fpecies form the chief 
bulk of the woods. Hickory and walnut are alfo more 
abundant than in the northern ftates. Safiafras, mul¬ 
berry, and tulip (or poplar), trees, are frequent and 
thriving. The Magnolia glauca grows in low grounds ; 
and the acuminati attains to great height above the wef- 
tern mountains. Grapes are common ; and fome of 
them, mellowed by froft, with the addition of fugar, 
make good wine. The white pine and white cedar grow 
well in fome parts ; and alfo red cedars are not rare in 
high grounds. The fugar-maple is plentiful in the 
vveftern and northern parts of the ftate, and the inhabi¬ 
tants are fupplied from them with a confiderable quan¬ 
tity of fugar. 
Iron ore is diftributed in large quantities through va¬ 
rious parts of the ftate; and in fome places appear cop¬ 
per, lead, and alum. Here are alfo limeftone quarries, 
and various kinds of marble. In the middle and weftern 
country is abundance of coal. In the new fettlements 
there are large flocks of wild turkeys. Partridges are nu¬ 
merous; pheafants are dear; and groufe are found in 
fome diftrifts. In thecold feafon pigeons migrate from the 
north in large numbers. In fpring and autumn, feveral 
kinds of ducks, and fome wild geefe, are found on the 
rivers. The finging-birds migrate to Pennfylvania from 
the north and fouth in certain feafons, and are nume¬ 
rous. In the rivulets trouts are common ; in the eaftern 
rivers the principal fifti are roach, Iliad, and herring, 
which, in the fpring, come from the fea in large lhoals. 
In the weftern waters is a fpecies of catfilh, weighing 
from 50 to 100 pounds; and alfo yellow perch and pike, 
which are large and numerous. 
Among the ufeful quadrupeds in the new diftridls are 
deer in great number, beavers, otters, racoons, and 
monkeys. Buffaloes rarely crofs the Ohio, and elks fel- 
dorn advance from the north. Panthers, wild cats, 
bears, foxes, and wolves, are not rare ; the fur of all 
which is valuable. In the north fettlements rabbits and 
7 C fquirrels 
