556 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
fquirrels are frequent: in the marfhes are minks and 
mufk-rats; but opoflums and ground-hogs are rare. 
The beft-fettled land is on thefouth fide of Pennfyl vania ; 
which is owing to the roads that have been formed in this 
part of the country and adjacent diftri£ts. The princi¬ 
pal article of agricultural cultivation is wheat. The 
next in value is Indian corn. Buck-wheat, rye, barley, 
and oats, are alfo cultivated ; as are alfo German fpelts, 
chiefly as food for horfes. Potatoes are plentiful; and 
alfo turnips, cabbage, parfneps, and carrots, and the 
fmall oval pea. The culture of meadows is a confi¬ 
derable objedt in this Hate : thofe on the rivers are banked, 
drained, tufl'ocked, ploughed, and harrowed ; and fown 
with Timothy grafs and clover. The fummer is long 
enough to admit of two mowings, and even three in 
rich ground. On farms that have fprings and ftreams, 
dairies are built over them fo as to place the milk-veflels 
in the water, which is neceflary to avoid the injurious ef¬ 
fects of heat. Horfes, it is faid, are raifed beyond the 
proper ufe, as oxen might more generally fupply their 
place. The belt for teams are bred in Lancafter county ; 
and the elegant faddle and coach horfes have more or lefs 
of the blood of ftallions imported from England. The 
number of (heep is confiderable, and increafes. Hogs, 
fupplied with food from the woods of oak and beech, ex¬ 
ceed home-confumption. Mules and afles are hitherto 
very rare. Poultry are abundant, and turkeys are cheap. 
Flax and hemp are cultivated; the growth of hops is in- 
confiderable : bees are objects of attention. In favour¬ 
able feafons, cherries, apples, and cider, abound. 
The general ftyle of architecture in this ftate is neat and 
folid. Stone buildings are moft common in the old fet- 
rlements j log and frame houfes in the new. Towns 
have a confiderable proportion of brick houfes: fhingles 
cover the roofs. Neceflary tradefmen and mechanics are 
fettled on fmall farms or lots throughout the improved 
country, and alfo in villages. Manufacturers dwell 
chiefly in towns, though many of them are fcattered 
through the country. The product of domellic female 
induftry is confiderable. The wives and daughters of 
even opulent farmers knit and fpin; and, in the towns, 
home females of higher rank do the fame. Woolen dock¬ 
ings are made in fuflicient quantity for ufe : and hemp, 
which is ufed in feveral places for coarfe wearing apparel, 
bags, lines, and nets, &c. is manufactured, in large quan¬ 
tities, into cordage, cables, and ropes. Iron-works are 
of long (landing, and are in improving condition. The 
furnaces are 16, and the forges 37. The flitting and 
rolling-mills are faid to cut and roll 1500 tons per annum. 
The fabricated articles are numerous, and of all the com¬ 
mon kinds. Manufactories of leather, fkins, and fur, 
are very extenlive and good. The moft refpeCtable trades 
employed in materials of wood are cabinet-making, houfe- 
carpentry, coach-making, and (hip-building. The port 
of Philadelphia is faid to be among the firft in the world 
for naval architecture. Paper of moft kinds forms a be¬ 
neficial branch of manufacture, in which are employed 
above 50 mills, the annual produCt of which is computed 
at 25,000 dollars. Manufactories in (lone, clay, and fof- 
fils, are bricks, and various pieces of marble, common 
earthen ware, grind-ltones, and mill-ftones; tin-wares 
are well executed for various domellic purpcfes ; copper, 
brafs, lead, and pewter, are alfo the materials of various 
manufactured articles. Linens imported are now printed. 
Sugar-refineries, and diftilleries of molafles, and various 
preparations of tobacco, furnifli employment for many 
hands. 
The commerce of Pennfylvania with the eaftern and 
northern dates, is, in great part, an exchange of ftaple- 
commodities; which are too numerous to be recited. 
The commerce of Pennfylvania with the weft is carried 
on by the Ohio with the Spanilh, and by the lakes with 
the Britilh, dominions; and both ways with the Indian 
tribes. Nearly the whole foreign commerce is carried on 
by the port of Philadelphia. The value of the exports 
from this ftate in the year ending September 30, 1791, 
was 3,436,092 dollars, 58 cents; in 1792, 3,820,662 dol¬ 
lars; in 1793, 6,958,836 dollars; in 1794, 6,643,092 dol¬ 
lars; in 1795, 11,518,260 dollars; in 1799, 12,431,967 
dollars; in 1801, 17,438,193 dollars; in 1804, 11,030,157 
dollars. The importation is very great, both for the 
confumption of Pennfylvania, and of the d’iftriCts fupplied 
from Philadelphia: common and fine imported linens 
and woollens are ufed to a great amount, notwithftand- 
ing the quantity of home-made; much Swediflt iron and 
Ruffian hemp is imported ; and Englifh hard-ware is in 
great demand. The tonnage of this ftate amounted, in 
1796, to 98,237 tons; in 1799, to 93,824 tons. 
The inhabitants of this ftate are principally the defen¬ 
dants of Engliih, Irifh, and Germans, with fome Scotch, 
Welfh, Swedes, and a few Dutch. The Friends and 
Epifcopalians are chiefly of Englifh extraction, and 
compote about one-third qf the inhabitants. The Ger¬ 
mans compole about one-quarter of the inhabitants of 
Pennfylvania ; they confill of Lutherans (who are the 
molt numerous), Calvinifts or the reformed church, 
Moravians, Catholics, Mennonifts, Dutch Baptifts (cor¬ 
ruptly called Thinkers and Dunkers, by way of reproach), 
and Zwingfelters, who are a fpecies of Quakers. They 
are all diltingoilhed for their temperance, induftry, and 
economy. The Baptifts (except the Mennoniit and 
Dutch Baptifts) are chiefly the defeendants of emi¬ 
grants from Wales, and are not numerous. The origi¬ 
nal Swedes went over in the year 1638, as a colony, un¬ 
der the government and protection of Sweden. Few 
Swedes have fince fettled in America ; and their lan¬ 
guage is nearly extinfl. Thefe people uniformly had the 
character of probity, mildnefs, and hofpitality ; but have 
been carelefs of their lands and intereft. A privilege, 
almoft peculiar to this ftate, has been granted to foreign¬ 
ers by the legillature; viz. that of buying or holding 
lands and houfes within this commonwealth, without 
relinquifhing their allegiance to the country in which 
they were born. 
The congregations of the different denominations of 
Chriftians in Pennfylvania are as follow: viz. Prelbyte- 
rians, 101 congregations; German Calvinifts, 84; 
German Lutherans, 84; Friends or Quakers, 54; Epif¬ 
copalians, 26; Baptifts, 15; Roman Catholics, iij 
S cotch Prefbyterians, 8; Moravians, 8; Free Quakers, 
1 ; Univerfalifts, 1 ; Covenanters, 1 ; Methodifts, feveral; 
befides a Jewifti Synagogue, amounting in all to about 
400 religious focieties. 
There are fix colleges in Pennfylvania: Dickenfon 
College, at Carlifle; the Univerfity of Pennfylvania, in 
Philadelphia; Franklin College, at Lancafter; Jeft'erfon 
College, at Cononfburg; Waftiington College, feven 
miles from the fame place; and Allegany Coliege, at 
Meadville. Dickenfon College has an excellent central 
pofition. It is under the direction of forty truftees; has 
a principal and five profefl'ors ; a good philofophical ap¬ 
paratus; a library of about three thoufand volumes; and 
a revenue of confiderable amount, arifing from ten thou¬ 
fand acres of land, and funded certificates. It is divi¬ 
ded into three departments ; the college, the medical, 
and the grammar fchools ; in all of which there are about 
650 ftudents; about fifty in the firft, five hundred in 
the fecond, and one hundred in the laft. Its funds are 
not fo extenfive as they ought to be, yielding a revenue 
of only 2365k but, in other refpe&s, it is on a very good 
footing ; and the philofophical apparatus, particularly, is, 
without a doubt, the moft complete in the United States. 
Waftiington and Jeft'erfon Colleges are in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of each other; and are very much alike in 
every particular. The funds of the former are fmall; 
but it has a pretty good library and philofophical appa¬ 
ratus. In each of thefe colleges the average number of 
ftudents is about fixty. 
Pennfylvania abounds with literary, humane, and 
other uleful, inftitutions more rhan any other of the 
American 
