(162 
PER 
nobility and governors of provinces, by whom he was im¬ 
mediately proclaimed king. Sogdianus, feeing himfelf 
thus deferted, contrary to the advice of all his friends, 
came to an accommodation with Ochus; who no fooner 
had him in his power than he caufed him to be fuft'ocated 
among allies; a punifhment invented on purpofe for him. 
Cchus, being firmly fettled on the throne by the death 
of Sogdianus, changed his name to Darius; and is by 
hiftorians commonly called Darius Not/uts, or the Baftard. 
But Arfites, another of the brothers, feeing in what 
manner Sogdianus had got the better of Xerxes, and been 
afterwards driven out by Ochus, began to entertain 
thoughts of treating him in the fame manner. He was 
not, however, fo fuccefsful; for, being defeated in an en¬ 
gagement, lie furrendered himfelf in hopes of mercy, but 
was immediately put to death by fuffocation in allies. 
Several other perfons were executed : but tliefe feverities 
did not procure him the repofe which he expedited; for 
his whole reign was dirturbed with violent commotions 
in various parts of the empire. One of the raoft danger¬ 
ous was railed by Pifuthna governor of Lydia ; but he, 
being deferted by his Greek mercenaries, was at laft over¬ 
come, and put to death : however, his foil Amorgus con¬ 
tinued to infeft the maritime provinces of Afia Minor for 
two years; till he alfo was taken prifonerby Tifiaphernes, 
the new governor of Lydia, who put him to death. Other 
infurreftions quickly followed this : but the greateft mif- 
fortune which befel Darius Notlius during the whole 
courfeof his reign was the revolt of tile Egyptians, who 
could not be reduced. Before his death, he inverted 
Cyrus, his youngeft Ion, with the fupreme government of 
all the provinces of Afia Minor. This was done through 
the perfuafion of his mother Paryfiitis, who had an abfo- 
lute fway over her hufband ; and ftie procured this com¬ 
mand for him, that lie might thereby be enabled to con¬ 
tend for the kingdom after his father’s death. She even 
infilled that the king ftiould declare him heir to the crown 
before he died; but this he could not by any means be 
induced to do. He died in the year 405 B.C. and was 
Jucceeded by his foil Artaxerxes, by the Greeks furnamed 
Mnenwn on account of his extraordinary memory. 
The molt remarkable tranfaftion which happened dur¬ 
ing the reign of this prince was the revolt of his brother 
Cyrus, commonly called Cyrus the Younger. But the 
hiftory of this fruitlefs expedition has been related under 
Greece, voi. viii. p. S97, 8. and the article Attica there 
referred to. 
The war with Cyrus was fcarcely ended, when another 
broke out with the Lacedemonians, on the following ac¬ 
count. Tifiaphernes, being appointed to fucceed Cyrus 
in all bis power, to which was added all wdiich he him- 
ielf poffefled formerly, began to opprefs the Greek cities 
in Afia in a molt cruel manner. On this they fent am- 
bafiadors to Sparta, defiring the afiiftance of that powerful 
republic. The Spartans, having ended their long war 
with the Athenians, willingly laid hold of the prefent op¬ 
portunity of breaking again with the Perfians,and there¬ 
fore fent againft them an army under the command of 
Thimbro, who, being ftrengthened by the forces which re¬ 
turned under Xenophon, took the field againft Tifia¬ 
phernes. This war continued for feveral years ; (fee the 
article Greece, vol. viii. p. 899-906.) but at length the 
Lacedemonians were reduced to the neceffity of accepting 
inch terms of peace as they could procure. The terms 
were—that all the Greek cities in Afia fiiould be fubjeft 
to the king of Perfi.t, as alfo the ifiands of Cyprus and 
Clazomene; that the ifiands of Scyros, Lemnos, and Im- 
bros, fiiould be reftored to the Athenians; and all the 
cities of Greece, whether fmall or great, fiiould be declared 
free; and by the fame treaty, Artaxerxes engaged to join 
thofe who accepted the terms he propofed, and to afiift 
them to the utmort of his power againft fuch as fiiould 
rejeft them. This is called the Peace of Antalcidas; B.C. 
38/- 
The Grecian war being ended, Artaxerxes turned his 
S I A. 
arms againft the Cadufians, a warlike race, who inhabited 
a mountainous traft between the Euxine and Cafpian Seas. 
He accordingly (B.C. 384.) marched in perfon againft 
them, at the head of 20,000 horfe and 300,000 foot 5 but, 
the rterility of the country proving inimical to the fub- 
fiftence of fo numerous an army, they were foon compelled 
to feed upon the beafts of burden ; and even thefe became 
fo fcarce, that an afs’s head was valued at fixty drachmas. 
In this dreadful emergency Teribazus, who was at that 
time in difgrace, and followed the court as a prifoner, 
contrived a rtratagem, which refcued the Perlians from 
impending ruin. Underftanding that the Cadufians had 
two kings, who were encamped apart, and had conceived 
a jealoufy of each other’s power, he prevailed on Artax¬ 
erxes to enter into treaty with them, and to entruft him 
with the management. Accordingly, he went in perfon 
to one of the kings, and lent his fon to the other, alluring 
each that the other had fent a private embafly to the 
Perfian camp, and advifing him to make his peace as foon 
as poffible, that the terms might be more advantageous. 
Thefe artful negociations were crowned with fuccefs; and 
Teribazus, on his return to Sula, was reinftated in his 
former honours. 
Artaxerxes, having drawn fome powerful auxiliaries 
from Greece, and exerted himfelf to compofe the domef- 
tic troubles of that country, refolved to chaftife the Egyp¬ 
tians, who had long before fnaken off the Perfian yoke. 
Accordingly, the forces were aflembled at Ace,lince called 
Ptolemais, where, upon a general review, the army was 
found to confilt of 200,000 Perlians under Pharnabazus, 
and 20,000 Greeks under the command of Iphicrates. 
The naval armament was alfo proportionate, for it con- 
fifted of 300 galleys, befides an incredible number of vef- 
fels laden with provifions. The war was intended to com¬ 
mence with the fiege of Pelufium ; and both the fleet and 
army began to move at the lame time, that they might aft 
in concert as occafion required. 
Whilft the Perlians were employed in making thefe ar¬ 
rangements, Neftanebis, king of Egypt, received intelli¬ 
gence of all their deligns, and took fuch meafures for the 
defence of Pelufium, that the approach to it was foon ren¬ 
dered imprafticable by fea and land. Inftead, therefore, 
of making the defcent which had firft been projefted, the 
invaders failed to the Mendefian mouth of the Nile, where 
they landed their troops with little difficulty, reduced the 
fortrefs that defended it, and put the Egyptian garrifon 
to the fword. Iphicrates then propofed to re-embark 
without lofs of time, and attack Memphis, the capital, 
before the Egyptians could recover from their confterna- 
tion ; but, the main body of the army not being come up, 
Pharnabazus refufed to undertake any thing before their 
arrival. The valiant Greek, exafperated at the thought 
of lofing fo favourable an opportunity, earneftly requefted 
permiliion to attempt the place with the mercenaries who 
were under his command; but Pharnabazus obftinately 
withheld his confent, and thus gave the Egyptians time 
to provide effeftually for the prefervation of their liberty. 
Pharnabazus, perceiving his error too late, endeavoured 
to excufe the ill fuccefs of the expedition by throwing the 
blame on Iphicrates ; and lie, with more juftice, recrimi¬ 
nated upon Pharnabazus; but, as the latter might be* 
reafonably expefted to obtain the greateft favour at court, 
Iphicrates prudently hired a veflel, and retired to Athens. 
About twelve years after this unfuccefsful invafion, 
Artaxerxes lent another army againft the Egyptians; but 
this proved equally unfortunate with the former, and 
Egypt ftill retained its independence. 
"The laft years of the reign of Artaxerxes were greatly 
difturbed by diflenfions in his family. He had a hun¬ 
dred and fifteen fons by his concubines ; and three by his 
queen, viz. Darius, A.riafpes, and Ochus. He permitted 
Darius, his elder fon, to aflume the regal title and wear 
the tiara even in his life-time : but tliefe honours were fo 
far from fatisfying the young prince’s ambition, that he 
enteredintoa confpiracy with Teribazus againft his fa¬ 
ther’s 
