724 
PERSIA. 
almonds, are, however, (hipped at Bufhire, Mufcat, and 
other parts of the Perfian Gulf. The principal manufac¬ 
tured articles are gold brocade, filks, cotton (luff’s of dif¬ 
ferent kinds, leather, (hawls of inferior quality, and rich 
carpets. With refpefl to (hawls, obferves Kotzebue, “ the 
Europeans are under a great miftake : thofe which are 
worn in Perfia are the very word I ever faw. We have 
feen people there admire (hawls which no lady in our 
country would think of wearing; and I am therefore not 
1 'urprifed that the Perfian ambaflador at the court of 
Peterfburg, who took a fancy to make a prefent of one 
to the countefs OrlofF, (hould have had the mortification 
to fee it worn by her maid, while the countefs herfelf had 
on a (hawl of fuch value as abfolutely aftonifhed his ex¬ 
cellency. The Perfians cannot afford to pay the prices 
that are given for them at Conftantinople and in Ruffia.” 
The cloths of Ifpahan, Yezd, and Kafan, are exported 
to Ruflia by way of Aftrachan, and exchanged for broad 
cloths, velvets, fatins, and hardware. At Meragah and 
Shiraz there are glafs-manufadlories; and guns and piflols 
are made in almoft all the large towns. The lances of 
Chorafan are in the higheft eftimation ; they are made by 
defendants of thofe (kilful cutlers whom Tamerlane 
tranfplanted from Damafcus into that province. 
Perfia produces many fpecies of gum and drugs, and 
among others affa-fcetida, great quantities of which are 
exported to India: it receives in exchange lugar, indigo, 
fpices, and feveral European commodities. The inhabi¬ 
tants of the Perfian confines dill extradl a fweet oil from 
the fruit of the turpentine-tree; a practice to which Xe¬ 
nophon alludes in his narrative of the Retreat of the Ten 
Thoufand. Excellent turpentine alfo is procured by the 
incifion of the trunk, and forms a confiderable article of 
commerce, as the tree abounds on all the heights. 
The (hah, or fovereign of Perfia, is the chief merchant; 
and his agents mud have the refufal of all merchandife, 
before his fubjefts are permitted to trade. It is computed 
that Perfia produces yearly upwards of 22,000 bales of 
filk, chiefly in the provinces of Ghilan and Mazanderan, 
each bale weighing 263 lbs. Vad quantities of Perfian 
(ilk are imported into Europe, efpecially by the Dutch, 
Englifh, and Ruffians. The goods exported from Perfia 
to India are, tobacco, all forts of fruits, pickled and 
preferved, efpecially dates, marmalade, wines, didilled 
waters, horfes, Perfian feathers, and Turkey leather of all 
forts and colours, a great quantity whereof is alfo export¬ 
ed to Ruflia and other European countries. The exports 
to Turkey are, tobacco, galls, thread, goat’s hair, duffs, 
mats, box-work, &c. &c. 
As there.are no pods in the ead, and trading by com- 
miflion with the ufe of bills of exchange, is little known, 
traffic mud proceed in a very aukward heavy manner, in 
comparifon of that of Europe. The mod current money 
of Perfia are the abajfees, worth about is. 4d. derling; they 
are of the fined filver. An abaflee is worth two mah- 
moudes ; a mahmonde, two (hahees; and a fiiahee, ten 
(ingle or five double cafbeghes : thefe lad pieces are of 
brafs, the others of filver ; for gold is not current in trade. 
The (hahees are not very common ; but mahmoudes and 
cafbeghes are current every where. Horfes, camels, houfes, 
&c. are generally fold by the toman, which is an imagi¬ 
nary coin, worth 200 (hahees, 50 abafles, or 3I. 6s. 8d. 
derling. 
Though, in the progrefs of this article, we have moffly 
quoted our authorities, we (hall conclude by bringing 
into one view the titles of the principal works to which 
we have been indebted. 1. Ancient and Modern Univerlal 
Hidory. 2. Hidorical Regider for 1727. 3. Aikin’s 
General Biography. 4. Franckiin’s Obfervations on A 
Tour in Perfia, in 1786, 7. 5. Olivier’s Travels in Tur¬ 
key, Egypt, and Perfia, from 1793 to 1797. 6 vols. 8vo. 
the two lad publiflied at Paris in 1807. the two firft only, 
we believe, have been tranflated. 6. Morier’s Journey 
through Perfia, Armenia, &c. in 1808, 9. 7. Second 
Journey, 1810 to 16. 8. Sir John Malcolm’s Hill, of Per¬ 
fia, 2 vols. 1815. 9. La Perle, 5 tom. Paris, 1814. 10. 
Prefent State of Perfia; Paris 1818. 11. L’Europe et lbs 
Colonies en Decembre 1819, 2 vols. Paris, 1820. 12. Sir 
Robert Ker Porter’s Travels in Georgia, Perfia, See. 13. 
Las Cafes’Journal of Converfations at St. Helena; Lond. 
1823. 14. Richardfon’s Perfian Didt. Wilkins’s edit. 
15. Times newfpaper 1822, 3 ; together with fundry vo¬ 
lumes of the Edinburgh and Quarterly Review, Monthly 
Magazine, Monthly Review ; Sec. Sec. 
INDEX to the Article PERSIA. 
Abaka, fon of Hulaku the Mogul, 
676. 
Abbas the Great, his fuccefles and cruel¬ 
ties, 678; cruelties ftill more horrible, 
dies, 679 ; his charafter, 680. 
Abbas II. his reign, 68c. 
Abbas 111 . 685. 
Abbas Mirza, prince loyal of Perfia, 693; 
improves the army, 696; protects the 
Chriftians, 705 ; has an Englilh governefs 
for his daughters, 711. 
Achmet Aga, kills himfelf, 682. 
Afghans, or Patans, 681; Mahometans of 
the feet of Omar, 682. 
Aga Mohammed, an eunuch, becomes 
king of Perfia, and cruel like all before 
him, 688 ; crowned, and afterwards 
murdered, 689. 
Agriculture, 722, 3 - 
Ahmed Khan, the firft of the race of Gen- 
gis who became a Mahometan, 676. 
Alexander Severus, emperor of Rome, 664. 
Ali, the fon-in-law of Mahomet, highly 
honoured by the Perfians, 702, 3; fef- 
tivals in memory of him and his fon, 704. 
Amufements of the Perfians, 718. 
Ardefer reigns feven months, 671. 
Armenian Chriftians, 705, 710; the chief 
traders in Perfia, 723. 
Army, improvements in, 696 ; prefent date 
of, 696, 7. 
Arfes, reigns two years, 663. 
Artaxerxes Longimanus, the Ahafuerus of 
Scripture, fubdues Egypt; his death, 
661. 
Artaxerxes Mnemon, his wars in Greece, 
peace of Antalcidas, unfuccefsful againft 
the Egvptians, 662; vexations and 
death, 662, 3. 
Artaxerxes, otherwife Artaxares, the refto- 
rer of the Perfian empire, 664. 
Artaxerxes, fon of Sapor II. 666. 
Afliraf, diffembles with the depofed king, 
683 ; defeated, 684; and killed, 685. 
Aftyages, grandfather of Cyrus, 657. 
Attorneys unknown in Perfia, 700,'701. 
Baba Khan. See Fetli Ali Shah. 
Babylon, revolts from Darius, 660; reco¬ 
vered by a ftratagem, 661. 
Bahram, or Varames, a famous Perfian ge¬ 
neral, afpires to the crown, 670; ex¬ 
pelled, and at length poifoned, 671. 
Baths, 720, r. 
Beard, carefully drefled and anointed, 715. 
Bee-hives, how managed, 723. 
Beglerbegs, or governors of departments, 
698. 
Beiram, feftival of, 704. 
Belifarius, the famous general, oppofes 
Chofroes in Paleftine, 668. 
Cadi, a magiftrate or judge, 700. 
Cadjars, or Runaways, the name of the 
tribe to which the reigning family be¬ 
longs, 686. 
Cambyfes king of Perfia, his fruitlefs ex- 
peditionagainft Ethiopia, and death, 639. 
Cavades king of Perfia, depofed and re- 
ftored, 667; his wars and death, 667, 8. 
Chamberlain of Perfia, 694. 
Chofroes the Great, king of Perfia, fup- 
prefies a confpiracy at the beginning of 
his reign, reduces Antioch and ocher 
places, 668 ; efpoufes the caufe of the 
Lazi, whom he afterwards fubdues, 668, 
9; his reverfes, death, and character, 
669. 
Chofroes II. obliged to quit his palace, 
670; reinftated, his fuccefles in war, 
magnificence, pride, arrogance, and mi- 
ferable death, 671. 
Chriftians in Perfia, 710; the chief tra¬ 
ders, 723. 
Commerce, not confiderable, 723, 4. 
Courtefans taxed in Perfia, 700. 
Croefus, king of Lydia, his immenfe army 
to oppofe the Perfians under Cyrus, 637: 
his empire deftroyed, 658. 
Cuftom-duties on goods, 700. 
Cyrus, the firft king of Perfia named in 
authentic hiftory, 656; contradictory 
accounts of him by Herodotus and by 
Xenophon, 637; attacks Crcefus, and 
deftroys the Lydian empire, 657, 8 ; his 
other conquefts, 638 ; contradictory ac¬ 
counts of his death, 638, 9. 
Cyrus the Younger, 66z. 
Darius 
