P E 
followed his example; and Gafca fuddenly became 
mafter of the fleet, of Panama, and of all the troops 
ftationed there. 
The insinuating manners of Gafca, his mildnefs, and 
his clemency, failed not to increafe his party in a rapid 
and aftonilhing manner. This profperity feemed fome- 
vvhat obftrufted by the defeat of Centeno, to whom the 
chief of his force was entrusted. This officer was beaten 
in a tnoft bloody battle at Huarina, Oct. 20, 15475 and, 
as this was eftefted by Pizarro at the head of a compara¬ 
tively frnall force, it raifed his reputation, and conse¬ 
quently the number of his adherents, in no mean degree. 
" Still, however, the good qualities of Gafca contrafted in 
fo favourable a manner with the profligacy and unrelent¬ 
ing cruelty of Pizarro, that he fcarcely paffed a day with¬ 
out fome addition to his force. 
After fpending fome months in thus Strengthening his 
party, Gafca began to move towards Cuzco, Dec. 29, 
1547. Pizarro, confident of victory, fuffered the royal- 
ifts to pafs all the rivers which lie between Guamanga 
and Cuzco without oppofition, and to advance within 
four leagues of that capital, flattering birnfelf that a de¬ 
feat in fitch a fituation as rendered efcape impracticable 
would at once terminate the war. He then marched out 
to meet the enemy; and Carjaval chofe his ground, and 
made the difpolition of the troops with the difeerning 
eye and profound knowledge in the art of war confpiqu- 
ous in all his operations. As the two armies moved 
forwards flowly to the charge, the appearance of each was 
Angular. In that of Pizarro, compofed of men enriched 
with the fpoils of the mod opulent country in America, 
every officer, and almoftall the private men, were clothed 
in fluffs of filk, or brocade, embroidered with gold and 
Silver; and their horfes, their arms, their Standards, were 
adorned with all the pride of military pomp. That of 
Gafca, though not fo fplendid, exhibited what was no 
lefs Striking : he himfelf, accompanied by the archbifhop 
of Lima, the bifhops of Quito and Cuzco, ant! a great 
number of ecclefialtics, marching along the lines, blefling 
the men, and encouraging them to a refolute difeharge 
of their duty. 
When both armies were juft ready to engage, Cepeda, 
one of Pizarro’s chief officers, fet Spurs to his horfe, 
galloped off, and furrendered himfelf to the prefident. 
Garcilaffo de la Vega, and other officers of note, followed 
his example. The revolt of perfons in Such high rank 
Struck all with amazement. The mutual confidence on 
which the union and Strength of armies depend, ceaSed 
at once; diftruft and consternation Spread from rank to 
rank. Some filently Slipped away; others threw down 
their arms; the greatest number went over to the royal- 
ilts. Pizarro, Carjaval,and other leaders, employed au¬ 
thority, threats, and entreaties, to Stop them, but in vain. 
In lefs than half an hour, a body of men which might 
have decided the fate of the Peruvian empire was to¬ 
tally difperfed. Pizarro, feeing all irretrievably loft, with 
a tamenefs difgraceful to his former fame', furrendered 
to one of Gafca’s officers. Carjaval, endeavouring to 
efcape, was overtaken and Seized. Gafca, happy in this 
Ifloodlefs victory, did not Stain it with cruelty. Pizarro, 
Carjaval, and a Small number of the moft diftinguifhed 
or notorious offenders, were punished capitally. Pizarro 
was beheaded on the day after he furrendered. He Sub¬ 
mitted to his fate with a compofed dignity, and feemed 
defirous to atone by repentance for the crimes which he 
had committed. Carjaval, a more able warrior, and 
more ferocious than Pizarro, was quartered. This 
man, when he was expiring, boafted that he had 
maflacred with his own hand 1400 Spaniards and 20,000 
Indians. 
Such was the laft feene of a tragedy, of which every a 61 
had been marked with blood 5 and Such was the fate of 
all thofe who had taken a lead in the redu6tion of Peru. 
Almagro beheaded; his Son Sharing the fame fate; 
Pizarro murdered in his own palace j his brother Ferdi- 
R U. 745 
nand kept a prifoner twenty-three years; and his other 
brother Gonzalo Suffering death as a traitor. 
The new governor, having by thefe few necefiary Se¬ 
verities quieted his province, took elfeftual care to heal 
its diforders by the arts of peace. He fettled the civil 
government, the army, and the mines, upon Such a balls, 
as to enfure, under a wife administration, the moft im¬ 
portant advantages to his country. He iffued regulations 
concerning the treatment of the Indians, well calculated 
to prote6l them from oppreflion, and to provide for their 
inftruftion in the principles of religion, without depriving 
the Spaniards of the benefit accruing from their labour. 
Having now accomplished the objedt of his million, 
Gafca, wishing to return to a private Station, committed 
the government of Peru into the hands of.the court of 
audience, and fet out for Spain, (Feb. 1, 1550,) carrying 
three hundred thoufand pounds of public money to his 
native country. And yet, fuch was his difinterellednefs, 
that, while he brought this vaft recruit to the royal 
treafury, he was obliged to apply by petition for a frnall 
Sum to difeharge fome petty debts which he had con- 
trailed during the courl’e of his fervice. Charles was 
not infenfible to fuch merit: he received Gafca with the 
moft distinguishing marks of efteem ; and, being pro¬ 
moted to the bishopric of Palencia, he paSfed the remain¬ 
der of his days in the tranquillity of retirement, relpedled 
by his country, honoured by his fovereign, and beloved 
by all. 
Notwithstanding Gafca’s wife regulations, the tran¬ 
quillity of Peru was not abfolutely permanent. Succeflive 
infurre6tions defolated the country for Some years. 
During thefe contests, many of the firft invaders of Peru, 
and many of thofe licentious adventurers whom the fame 
of their fuccefs had allured thither, fell by each others 
hands. Each of the parties gradually cleared the country 
of a number of turbulent fpirits, by executing, proferibing, 
or banishing, their opponents. 
With regard to the Peruvians, the moft cruel meafures 
were taken to render it impoSfible for them to rebel. 
Tupac Amaru, the heir of their laft king, had taken 
refuge in fome remote mountains, where he lived in 
peace. There he was fo cloS'ely Surrounded by the troops 
which had been Sent out againft him, that he was forced 
to furrender. The viceroy Francis de Toledo caufed him 
to beaccufed of feveral crimes that he had not committed, 
and for which he vyas beheaded in 1571. All the other 
defendants of the incas Shared the fame fate, under 
pretence that they had confpired againft theirconquerors. 
The horror of thefe enormities excited fo univerfal an 
indignation both in the Old and the New World, that 
Philip II. thought himfelf obliged to difavow them; but 
the infamous policy of this prince was fo notorious, that 
no credit was given to this appearance of his juSlice and 
humanity. 
For the fpace of upwards of 200 years, Peru offers 
nothing worthy of notice to the historian. No country, 
perhaps, ever enjoyed fo long a period of tranquillity as 
Peru has experienced; for though occafionally, when 
Spain has been at war with England, a few places on the 
coaft have fuffered from predatory attempts, and the 
navigation may have been interrupted by our cruizers, 
yet in the interior, fo complete was the fubjugation, fo 
paffive was the obedience, that nothing but a few trifling 
local diffenfions occurred, after the events we have jull 
mentioned, till the year 1781, when an inS'urre6lion of an 
extenfive and alarming nature fuddenly burft forth. 
Jofe Gabriel Condercanqui was a defeendant of the laft 
fovereign of the Peruvian race. He had been carefully - 
educated by his father, and exhibited considerable talent. 
The title of Marquis of Oropefa had been conferred on 
one of his anceftors. On the death of his father, he 
petitioned to have that title renewed in him; but, being 
refufed, he retired to the mountains, and announced 
himfelf by the name of Tupac Amaru, which the laft of the 
incas had borne, as the true fovereign of Peru. The 
Indians 
