746 
PERU. 
Indians flocked to him in crowds, the facred fillet was 
bound on his brow, and he was proclaimed emperor, by 
the title of Tupac Amaru the Second. An overwhelming 
army was fpeedily collected by him, whicl't fubdued the 
country, and inverted Cuzco. At the commencement of 
his reign, though he declared vengeance againft every 
native of Old Spain, he profeffed to favour equally the 
ecclefiaftics and all of the white race who were born in 
America. Adhering to this fyftem, he continued to 
profper; but his followers, elated with the fuccefs that 
every where attended them, and beingin an undifciplined 
rtate, commenced a war of extermination againrt all who 
were not of the Peruvian race, which was attended with 
f'cenes of the mod horrid barbarity. Diego his brother, and 
Andres his nephew, favoured the cruel difpofition of the 
Indians, and perpetrated deeds which jofe Gabriel vainly 
ftroveto prevent. The infurre'Clion continued two years, 
and extended over raoft of the diftriCts around Cuzco. 
But the proceedings againft the Whites, Muftees, Mulat- 
toes, and Negroes, at length united thefe carts againft 
the Indians. Jofe was furprifed, and, with his family, 
taken prifoner; and, ftiortly after, the whole were executed 
in the city of Cuzco. So great was the veneration in 
which this Tupac Amaru was held by the Peruvians, 
that, when he was led to execution, they proftrated 
themfelves in the ftreets, and uttered the moft piercing 
thrieks and execrations whilft the laft of the Children of 
the Sun was torn to pieces by his executioners. With 
this event terminated the ftruggles of the Peruvians for 
independence; and on late occaiions they are reported to 
have fliown more difpofition to adhere to the government 
of Spain than to the newly-created independent ftates 
that have fprung up around them. 
During the recent events which have cattfed the divifion 
of Spanifh America into feparate republics, Peru long 
maintained herallegiance to Spain. When the revolution 
in New Granada began in 1810, the firft fteps were fuch 
as threatened no disturbance to the neighbouring pro¬ 
vinces; but, its fpirit at length approaching the confines 
of Peru, the viceroy difpatciied an army towards Quito, 
under the command of general Molina, who had been 
nominated president by the Junta of Cadiz. As the 
revolutionifts were divided among themfelves, he eafily 
gained that city; but, after praCfifing fome cruel meafures, 
the army was compelled to retreat before the different 
partifans, who w'ere previoufly at variance, but who had 
united in their operations againft the Peruvians. After 
a bloody conteft, they were driven from the viceroyalty 
of New Granada by the republican general Marino; but, 
as his attention was ftrongly engaged in watching the 
events in the north, he could not follow’ up his victory 
by purftiing the royalifts; who, on their part, had fuch 
calls for their exertions towards the frontiers of Buenos 
Ayres, and in Chili, that, without any formal treaty, 
hoftiiities ceafed between Peru and NewGranadain 1814, 
and have not been fince renewed. 
As foon as the inhabitants of Buenos Ayres had formed 
an independent government, an army of 5000 men was 
marched to invade Peru, under the command of general 
Balcarce. He was oppofed before he had reached the 
frontiers by Goyneche, a royalift commander. Before 
hoftiiities were begun, a treaty for an armiftice w'as made, 
but foon broken, when the Peruvians repulfed their 
invaders, became invaders in their turn, and overran the 
country as far as Salta ; having in their poflefiion, in 
1812, the rich mining countries of Potofi and La Paz; 
while the republicans, being embroiled among themfelves, 
and invaded by the Portuguefe, had no means of recruit¬ 
ing, till early in the year 1813, when their general 
Belgrano attacked the royalifts near Salta, and gained a 
complete victory, which compelled them to abandon 
their conquefts, and retire within their own territory. 
In November of the fame year, the Peruvians, being 
reinforced, fought another battle on the frontiers, near 
Potofi, with fuch decided fuccefs, that they again occupied 
thofe rich diftri&s, which, in the early part of the year 
they had been compelled to abandon. 
The unfortunate republican general Belgrano was, in 
1814, fuperfeded by the celebrated San Martin, who 
collected the fugitives, organized a new army, formed 
various corps ofGuerillas, andcompelled the royalift gene¬ 
ral Pezuela once more to retreat from the contefted coun¬ 
try, and concentrate his forces in High Peru. In the year 
18x5, the contefts among the different parties of republi¬ 
cans having weakened their army on the frontiers, 
Pezuela again attacked them, on the 14th November; 
gained a hard-fought battle at Sipe-fipe ; and, in confe- 
quence of if, the mining-diftriCts of Buenos Ayres, for 
the third time, came into the hands of the royalifts. 
The calls on the viceroy of Peru for troops to maintain 
the royal caufe in Chili weakened his frontier forces at 
the time that San Martin w'as collecting his army to 
invade that country on the part of the republicans. By 
the courfe of events, the theatre of the war thus became 
changed. The republicans kept up a fmall force to 
watch the motions of the royalifts, whofe troops and 
ftores were fo much diminilhed, that they ultimately’ 
withdrew from the conquered countries; which, by the 
operations of the remorfelefs conteft, had become reduced 
to the extreme of mifery, and the mines, once fo highly 
productive, had nearly ceafed to be worked. 
Chili had thrown off the government of Spain, and 
declared its independence. It was torn by factions, 
violently irritated againft each other, and a civil war 
had commenced. The viceroy of Peru thought the 
occafion favourable for bringing it again under the royal 
authority’. A force of 4000 men, under general Paneja, 
was difpatched to that country. He landed at Talcahuano 
early in the year 1813, and took poflefiion of Conception 
and Chilian. The Spanilh troops appear to have remained 
in thepofitions they occupied, in a rtate of great inactivity; 
whilft the Chilians, divided into rancorous factions, were 
exhaufting their means, and impoverifhing their country. 
The Spanifn commander availed himfelf of the circum- 
ftances to make an attempt on the capital, in the begin¬ 
ning of March 1814; but, not fucceeding, entered into 
a treaty for evacuating the country. Before the treaty 
w'as concluded, general Oforio arrived, as commander 
from Lima, with confiderable reinforcements. This 
changed the face of affairs. The Chilians were w’earied 
with the evils they had experienced ; the forces of the 
Icing gave them confidence ; and after a few fkirmifhes, 
rather than battles, with the different parties, who never 
ceafed hoftiiities towards each other, the whole country 
fubmitted to Oforio, who entered the capital in OCtober 
1814. The royalifts v.’ere in quiet poflefiion of Chili till 
the beginning of the year 1817. The fugitive republicans 
had retreated over the Andes, and found an afylum in 
Mendoza. There others joined them, in the following 
years. The government of Buenos Ayres fupplied them 
with ftores; and at length general San Martin, with the 
addition of fome tolerably difciplined troops, was 
appointed to the command. This force parted the Cor¬ 
dilleras in January 1817, and defcended towards the level 
country; and, after a moft complete victory over the 
Peruvian army at Chacabuco, in which their commander 
was made a prifoner, and his troops difperfed, occupied, 
with little difficulty, the whole of Chili. Thegovernment 
there having affumed a more confident and regular form 
than before, became a collecting point to which adventu¬ 
rous fpirits, from Europe and from America, reforted. 
Armaments wereequipped there, both naval and military'. 
The former were fuccefsful in making prizes ; and, in 
combination with the latter, Valdivia, the only remaining 
fortrefs in Chili, under the command of the viceroy pf 
Peru, and ultimately Lima itfelf, was captured. 
The conqueft of Peru feemed to be indifpenfably 
neceffary to the prefervation of that independence, and 
thofe republican inftitutions, which the inhabitants of 
Chili had eftabliflted. It had early attracted their regards; 
and 
