752 
P £ 
the period of the conqueft. The language, called the 
Qutckan, or Languageof the Incas, is faid to be harmonious, 
and its grammar as variegated and artificial as that of 
the Greek, though the founds b,d,f,g, and r, are not to 
be found in it. A grammar of the tongue has been compofed 
for the inftruftion of the clergy who are deilined to 
labour in their converfion. From this it appears, that 
the nouns are declined by altering the termination ; as 
runa, a man; runap, of a man; runapac, to a man, &c. 
Tiie verbs have alfo moods and conjugations, the termi¬ 
nations extending to great length. 
R U. 
The population of Peru, as now conftituted, is quite of 
a mixed.kind. The Spaniard, the native Indian, and the 
Negro imported from Africa, form by their union a 
motley race. Of thefe, the Muftee, or Meftizo, the 
offspring of the Indian and Spaniard, holds the next 
rank to the Spaniard, and with the Indian forms the 
chief population of Peru. The following Table exhibits 
the moll accurate view we can obtain of the population 
of Peru, and of the proportion the different races bear 
to each other. 
1 Intendencies. 
Number of 
Departments. 
Missions. 
Pueblas, or j 
Parishes. 
Clergy. ■ 
S3 
CJ £ 
3.2 
Female Reli¬ 
gions. 
C 
S3 
£ 
Spaniards. a 
Indians. 
O 
<3J 
| Free Negroes, j 
Negro Slaves. | 
Total. 
| Lima - - 
8 
74 
181 
431 
I IOO 
572 
84 
22,370 
63,181 
13=747 
17,864 
29 = 763 
149,1 I 2 
1 Cufco - - - 
I I 
102 
134 
315 
474 
166 
11 3 
31,828 
159,105 
2 3,104 
993 
284 
216,382 
f Arequipa - 
7 
60 
84 
326 
284. 
162 
5 
39 = 357 
66,609 
1 7,797 
7,003 
5=258 
136,801 
ji Truxillo - - 
7 
87 
149 
4.60 
169 
162 
O 
19,008 
115 = 647 
76=949 
13=757 
4=725 
230,967 
S Guamanga - 
7 
59 
ns 
176 
45 
82 
O 
5=378 
75,284 
29,621 
943 
30 
111 = 5 5 9 
jj Guancavelica 
4 
22 
88 
81 
18 
2,431 
23=899 
4,537 
4 i 
3 °= 9 1 7 
1 Tarma - - 
7 
79 
206 
229 
127 
15 
15=939 
105,187 
78,682 
844 
236 
201,259 
| Totals 
Si 
483 
977 
2018 2217 
11 44 
217 
136,311 
608,912 
244=437 
41.404 
40,337 
1,076,997 
Although the number of Spaniards is here ffated at 
136,311, nearly one-eighth of the whole population; it 
mull be conlidered, that in this number is included thole 
who, after five mixtures with the white race, acquire the 
privileges of whites, though their complexions are as 
dark as thofe of the Indians or Negroes. Of thofe 
denominated Spaniards, it is notefiimated that one-tenth 
are natives of Europe. 
Of the number of Negroes given in the Table, more 
than one half are free blacks ; for, to the honour of the 
Spanilh charafter, it ought to be Hated, that in all their 
American pofleffions it has ever been the eftablifhed 
p raft ice to encourage manumiflions. A Have had a right 
by law to his freedom as foon as he could repay to his 
mailer the fum he had coll. In order to enable the Have 
to do this, he was not only allowed the undillurbed 
enjoyment of the Sabbath, either for relt, or for religious 
purpofes, or for his own emolument, as he might like bell, 
but he was allowed alfo one day in the week for the 
cultivation of his provilion-grounds; his mailer being 
entitled to the labour of the other five. As foon, however, 
as the Have, by his induftry and frugality, had accumulated 
the fifth part of his value, it was ufual for the mailer, on 
being paid that amount, to relinquifh to the Have another 
day of the week, and foon till he had repaid the whole of 
his original coll, and thus became altoge ther free. He 
continued, however, in fome cafes, during the days which 
were his own, and even after his complete emancipation, 
to labour for hire in his mailer’s lervice. By this procefs, 
not only was the mailer’s capital replaced without lofs, 
but a peafantry was formed around him which had learned 
by experience the happy effects of induftry and frugality, 
and were therefore induftrious and provident. Notwith- 
ftanding this liberal policy, the enfranchifed flaves have 
never been known in the Spanifn poffeffions to rife againll 
their former mailers, or to excite thole who were (till 
ftaves to feek any other method of deliverance than they 
themfelves had purfued ; wbilft they formed, by their 
number and hardihood, a valuable means of defence from 
foreign aggreflion. In confequence of this admirable 
fyftem, the whole negro population of the Spanilh poffef- 
iions were fo rapidly approximating to emancipation, 
that, about the year 1790, the number of free blacks and 
people of colour fomewiiat exceeded, in all of them, the 
number of flaves. Since that time, in Cuba alone, in 
confequence of the imtnenfe importations from Africa 
into that ifland, has'this proportion been diminiftied ; but 
even there the free black and coloured population 
amounts to from a third to a half of the number of the 
flaves. In the other tranfatlantic pofleffions of Spain, 
their number has gone on progreflively increaffng, until 
now ffavery can hardly be faid to have an exiilence there. 
And this happy confummation has been effected without 
any commotion, and with the ready concurrence of the 
mailer, who has not only not been a lofer but a gainer by 
the change. This is one of the regulations which Mr. 
Fowell Buxton has propofed to be adopted in our YVeft- 
India colonies for the relief of the flaves, and preparatory 
to the total abolition of flavery itfelf. 
As the names of the different intendencies, or provinces 
of Peru, are feen in the preceding Table, it remains to 
give fome particulars relating to them. 
1. The intendency of Lima is chiefly remarkable for 
containing within its limits the capital of the vice-royalty, 
from which it derives its name, and the excellent port of 
Cailao, the chief mart for the commerce of Peru. The 
capital is fituated in latitude 12 0 2' 25" S. and in longi¬ 
tude 77 0 7' 15" W. from Greenwich. The buildings are 
fpacious but low, having only one llory ; they are built of 
wooden frame-work, interlaced with canes, plaffered over 
with clay,and painted to imitate Hone. The city isfuppiied 
with frelh water by a rapid ftream that pafles through it, 
which is received into refervoirs and fountains in various 
parts of the city. The viceroy’s palace, the cathedral, 
the town-houfe, and archiepifcopal palace, form a fquare, 
and are faid to be magnificent piles. In former times, 
the entrance of a new viceroy was celebrated by a 
difplay of ingots of filver, with which one of the ftreets 
was completely paved; and the quantities of the precious 
metals difplayed in the churches, and in their religious 
proceffions, are faid to have exceeded what was to be leen 
inany of the Catholic countries of Europe. Thecountry 
immediately around the city, being well irrigated, is 
fruitful; and fill), meat, and poultry, are abundant. 
Callao, formerly called Bellavilla, is the port of Lima, 
and, as has been before mentioned, the only good har¬ 
bour in Peru. It is defended from the winds, which 
blow always from the fouth, by the Ifland of St. Lawrence; 
to the north of which, in fmooth water, is good anchorage, 
under the protedlion of the guns of the ftrong forts. 
The depth of water is fufficient for the largell ftiips; the 
means of loading and difcharging them are eafy; and 
from the river Rimac the (hipping eafily obtain a fupply 
of frefli water. As there is but little rife of tide, there 
are 
