MORTALITY. 
22 
determine the rates of mortality among married and 
fingle women, confidered feparately, and thought he had 
proved that it was lefs among the married ; but the proofs 
he adduced were not conclufive. Yet this Memoir ge¬ 
nerally, and the Tables in particular, have been prail'ed 
for their extreme accuracy, in a very good abridgment 
of them, inferted in the fecond volume of a book, entitled 
De Re Rvjiica, or the Repository,” 8vo. Lond. 1770. 
The disadvantages of her foil and climate neceffarily 
keep Sweden thinly peopled in comparifon with the 
countries which, in thefe relpe&s, are more happily cir- 
cumftanced; and, Since the year 1748, the ftate of the 
population has been an objeft of anxious Solicitude with 
the government; which,in 1749, eftablifhed what, in this 
country, would probably be called a Board of Population, 
but is there denominated Tabellvdrliet, for reducing into 
convenient forms the extrafts from the parifh-regifters, 
and the returns from the magiftrates of the numbers of 
the people, which the governors of the different pro¬ 
vinces are required to ftate to the commiftioners appointed 
for thefe purpoSes. The extracts from the regifters are 
made and transmitted annually, but the enumerations 
only once in three years. M. Wargentin, who was one 
of the commiftioners of the tabellv'arket, inferted in the 
Tranfa&ions of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stock¬ 
holm, for the years 1754 and 1755, papers on theufeful- 
nefs of annual regifters of births and deaths in a country ; 
which, like all his other productions, were written with 
much judgment and modelly. In the Same TranfaCtions, 
for the year 1766, he inferted a paper on the mortality 
in Sweden, wherein he gave tables exhibiting the number 
of the living of each Sex in each interval of age, in the 
years 1757, 1760, and 1763 ; alfo the number of annual 
deaths of each age and Sex during a period of nine years, 
commencing with 1755, both for all Sweden and Finland, 
and for Stockholm feparately; with other interefting re- 
fults of the regifters and enumerations, and many judi¬ 
cious observations upon them. This paper of M. War- 
gentin’s is more valuable than all that had previoufly 
been publifhed on the SubjeCl; it is alfo to be found in 
the French abridgment of the Stockholm TranfaCtions. 
The firft edition of Dr. Price’s Observations on Re- 
verfionary Payments appeared in 1771, and contained 
Observations on'the Expectations of Lives, the IncreaSe 
of Mankind, the Number of Inhabitants in London, and 
the Influence of Great Towns on Health and Population,” 
which had been publilhed in the Phil. Tranf. for 1769, 
and added confiderably to the information on thofe fub- 
jeCts which had been previoufly before the public. 
In the Philosophical TranlaCtions for the years 1774 
and 1775, were inferted two excellent papers by Dr. Hay- 
garth of Chefter, wherein he gave the bills of mortality 
for that city, for the years_ 177a and 1773 refpeCtively, in 
a form calculated to exhibit, at one view, the moft ufeful 
and interefting information fuch bills can afford without 
calculation, and presenting to the calculator data that are 
eflential to the Solution of the moft important queftions 
refpeCting the ftate of the population. Three papers by 
Dr. Percival (alfo of considerable merit) appeared in the 
Same TranfaCtions about this time, relating principally to 
the population of Manchefter and its neighbourhood. 
In 1778 was publifhed, at Paris, in 8vo. the work en¬ 
titled “ Recherches et Considerations fur la Population 
de la France, par M. Moheau.” This book is agreeably 
written, in a way entirely popular, and will probably be 
perufed with more pleafure, by the generality of readers, 
than any other on the fubjeCt of population. It con¬ 
tains a great number of tables, for many of which he was 
indebted to other writers, efpecially to M. Meflance; but 
he has alfo given many that are original, derived from the 
bills of mortality and aCtual enumerations of the people, 
though without explaining in a Satisfactory manner how 
he obtained his information, which, if it be correCt, mult 
have coft great labour. In his preface he fays, “ II eft tel 
page de ce livre qui a coute neceflairement deux metis do 
travail, et un volume de chiffres.” 
In 1786 was publilhed, at Peterfburgh, in the Acts of 
the Academy of Sciences there, for the year 1782, an 
eflay by M. Krafft, on the marriages, births, and burials, 
at St. Peterfburgh, during a period of Seventeen years, 
from 176410 1780, preceded by a general expofition of the 
ufes Such tables might be applied to, if the observation 
they record were extended over entire governments in 
Rulfta. This paper contains Seventeen tables, which fhow 
the number of deaths at each..age, and by each of the prin¬ 
cipal difeafes, together with the numbers of marriages 
and baptifms ; the numbers, in each cafe, being given for 
each of the Seventeen years Separately, as well as for the 
whole term; and the Sexes are always diftinguifhed; as 
are likewife foreigners from the native Ruffians. 
During a period of nine years, commencing with 1779, 
and ending with 1787, Dr. Heyfliam of Carlifle kept 
accurate regifters of the births, and of the deaths at all 
ages, in the two parifhes which comprehend that city and 
its environs; alfo the difeafes or cafu.dties which the 
deaths at each age were occafioned by; and the Sexes 
were in all cafes diftinguifhed. Thefe excellent regifters 
were kept with great care and Skill on the plan of Dr. 
Haygarth above-mentioned, and included all diflenters 
within tfie two parifhes. Dr. Heyfham publifhed them 
from year to year as they were made, and accompanied 
them with valuable observations on the ftate of the wea¬ 
ther and difeafes in each year. Their value was greatly 
enhanced by two enumerations of the people within the 
two parifhes, the one made in January 1780, the other in 
December 1787, in both of which the ages were diftin 
guifhed, but not the Sexes of each age, though the totals 
of each Sex were. Thefe documents, printed in con¬ 
venient forms, with further information refpeCting them, 
and many ufeful tables deduced from them, may be found 
in Mr. Milne’s Treatife on Annuities, of which we Shall 
have occafion to take farther notice. 
In the years 1799, 1800, and 1801, M. Nicander inferted 
eight different memoirs among thofe of the Royal Aca¬ 
demy of Sciences at Stockholm, exhibiting the ftate of 
population and mortality in all Sweden and Finland, 
from the year 1772 to 1795 inclufive. Thefe contain a 
great number of tables, which prefent the moft intereft¬ 
ing refults of the Tabellviirket during that period; the 
ages and Sexes, both of the living and the dead, are dif¬ 
tinguifhed with Sufficient minutenefs, and the number of 
deaths of each Sex by every difeafe is given. The in¬ 
formation in thefe papers is much more complete and 
Satisfactory than any other yet collected refpeCting the 
ftate of the population of a whole kingdom, or even of any 
particular part of it, if we except the observations of Dr. 
Heyfham, which were confined to Carlifle and its neigh¬ 
bourhood. M. Nicander was a member of the Royal 
Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, alfo one of the com- 
miflioners of the tabellv'arket, and their Secretary. 
In the year 1800 was publifhed, at Paris, in 8vo. 
under the title of Effai de Statijiique, a memoir by J. A. 
Mourgue, on the births, marriages, and deaths, that took 
place in Montpellier during a period of twenty-one years, 
ending with 1792, with the ages at which the deaths hap¬ 
pened; the Sexes are alfo diftinguifhed ; and the popula¬ 
tion of the place appears to have been nearly ftationary. 
The tables and obfervations of M. Mourgue appear to b* 
more valuable than any others relative to the population 
of France, that have yet been publifhed, except thofe of 
M. Deparcieux, which related only to SeleCl orders of the 
people. This memoir was read at a meeting of the French 
National Inftitute in 1795. 
An enumeration of the people in Spain was made by 
royal authority in the years 1768 and 1769, and again 
in 1787; a minute account of this laft was printed at 
Madrid, fhowing, for each province feparately, the num¬ 
bers of pariflies, cities, towns, and villages, &c. &c. with 
the 
