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papers and mnnufcripts, arranged in the exa<Sleft order; 
and, though he did not favour the world with a regular 
liiftory of that country, he will always be confidered as 
the great father of the Ruffian liiftory, both on account of 
the excellent fpecimens which he himfelf produced, and 
the vaft fund of information he bequeathed to future au¬ 
thors. His fine collection of books and manufcripts was 
purchafed by the emprefs Catharine for about 2oool.fter- 
ling. His principal work is entitled Sammlung Rufftfcher 
Gefehiclite, a Collection of Pieces refpeCting the Hiftory 
of Ruflia, in 9 vols. 8vo. printed at different intervals at 
the prefs of the ImperiaJ. Academy of Sciences. The firft 
part came out in 1732, and the laft in 1764. This ftore- 
houfe of information and literature in regard to the anti¬ 
quities, hiftory, geography, and commerce, of Ruftia, and 
many of the neighbouring countries, conveys the moft in- 
difputable proofs of the author’s learning, diligence, and 
fidelity. To this work the accurate and indefatigable au¬ 
thor fucceflively added many other valuable performances 
upon limilar fubjeCts, both in the German and Ruffian 
languages, which elucidate various parts in the hiftory of 
this empire. 
MUL'LER (John), an eminent Swifs hiftorian, was 
born at Schaffhaufen, in 1752. He acquired a tafte for 
hiftory, and particularly that of Swifferland, from his ma¬ 
ternal grandfather, who poffelfed a very large collection 
of ancient chronicles and fimilar works; and in his twelfth 
year he had made uncommon progrefs in that branch of 
ftudy. The fubfequent peruial of the Latin daffies ex¬ 
cited in his breaft a high admiration and refpeCl for great 
men, and an ardent attachment to freedom. His father 
having deftined him for the church, he was fent to Gottin¬ 
gen, where he attended the leCtures of the principal pro- 
feffors ; but he foon conceived a diflike to theology, and, 
turning his attention to hiftory, undertook, by the advice 
of Schlotzer, a critical examination of the Cimbrian war. 
He next began to make collections for a hiftoiy of Swiffer¬ 
land ; and he became alfo an aCtive labourer for the Ge¬ 
neral German Bibliotheque, which at that time was pub- 
liflied at Berlin. The government of his country was not 
inattentive to his merit; and in his twentieth year, as an 
encouragement to his diligence, he was made profeffor of 
the Greek language. As foon as his intention of writing 
a complete hiftory of Swilferland was known, he received, 
for many years, the warmeft fupport from Bodmer, Brei- 
tinger, Gottlob Emanuel Haller, (fon of the great Haller.) 
and many other eminent men. In his refearches on this 
fubjeft he employed eight or nine years; and in 1774 he 
went to Geneva, where he undertook the education of the 
two fons of M. Tronchin. Here he became acquainted 
with a young man from Carolina, named Kinloch ; and, an 
intimate friendfhip being formed between them, they 
agreed to employ two hours daily in reading Tacitus and 
Montefquieu, and in ftudying Blackftone, and other Eng- 
lifli works. He lived alfo on terms of intimacy with Vol¬ 
taire, and with Alleyn Fitzherbert, who at that time 
fhowed indications of thole diplomatic talents which he 
afterwards difplayed as Lord St. Helens. In 1780 he pub- 
iilhed the firft part of his Hiftory of Swifferland ; and, hav¬ 
ing been recommended to Gleim, he went to Berlin to 
view the monarchy which had been raifed by the genius of 
Frederick the Great. He w r as received by that prince’s 
fuccelfor in the moft flattering manner; butthedifturbances 
of Geneva induced him foon to think of quitting Pruffia, 
in order tp affift his friends in that city. He had been a 
Jftrenuous fupporter of the exifting government, though 
he did not always approve of its meafures ; but his work, 
entitled Effais Hiftoriques, being difagreeable to the pre¬ 
vailing party, the prelent was not thought the moft fa¬ 
vourable time for his return. Having heard at Calfel the 
ftate of affairs at Geneva, he accepted there the place of 
profeffor in the Caroline College, offered to him by the 
prince, who in 1782 made him a counfellor and under¬ 
librarian. In the next year, however, he returned with 
permiffion to his native country, and reiided on an eftate 
M U L 
called Delices, belonging to M. Tronchin, in the neigh¬ 
bourhood of Geneva. In 1784 he began to revifeliis 
Swifs hiftory; and in 1786-he was appointed by the eieftor 
of Mentz aulic counfellor and librarian to the univerfity. 
In the year 1793 the emperor Leopold II. made him an 
aulic counfellor, and official in the imperial court and of¬ 
fice of foreign-affairs at Vienna. In 1800, on the death 
of Denis, he obtained the place of firft keeper of the im¬ 
perial library, one of the largeft and riclieft in the world. 
In 1804 Jie removed to Berlin, as hiftoriographer to the 
houfe of Brandenburg, and a member of the Academy of 
Sciences, with the title of privy-counfellor. In 1807 he 
was invited by the king of Wurtemberg to be profeffor in 
the univerfity of Tubingen, with permiffion to devote 
himfelf to his literary labours at pleafure ; and foon after, 
he w’as nominated fecretary of ftate in the ephemeral king¬ 
dom of Weftphalia, and obtained the grand crofs of Hoi 
land. He, however, did not long lurvive thefe honours, 
dying at Calfel on May 29, 1809. 
Muller may be juftly reckoned among the claffical wri¬ 
ters of Germany. His hiftorical models were Thucydides 
and Tacitus, whofe manner he clofely imitated. His re¬ 
flexions are judicious ; and his ftyle, though fometimes 
harfh, is ftrong and energetic. His principal works are 
1. The Hiftory of the Swifs Confederation, anew and 
improved edition, Leipfic, 1806, five parts, 8vo. 2. A 
View of the German Confederation, fecond improved edi¬ 
tion, ibid. 1788, 8vo. 3. Letters from a young literary 
Man to his Friend, Tubingen, 1802, 8vo. He was the 
author alfo of a great many differtations publifhed in jour¬ 
nals and other periodical works ; among which are the 
following: On the Hiftory of Frederic II. read before the 
Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, on the 24th of Ja¬ 
nuary 1805; and On the Decline of Liberty among an¬ 
cient Nations, read in the fame on the 30th of January, 
1806. He left in manufeript A general Hiftory of the 
World, in Twenty-four Books, which has been publifhed 
by his brother in eight volumes 8vo. Tubingen, 1811. 
His whole works were printed at the fame place, in fif¬ 
teen vols. 8vo. 1810—1812. Monthly Review , vol. lxxi. 
p. 449-457. 
MUL'LERA, f [named by the younger Linnaeus in bo- 
nourof OthoFredenc Muller, author of the Flora Fridrichf- 
dalina, and continuator of the Flora Danica after Oeder 
declined it. Muller furnifhed various traXs on natural 
hiftory for the Danifli Society’s TranfaXions ; and died 
at Copenhagen in 1784, at the age of fifty-four^] In bo¬ 
tany, a genus of the clafs diadelphia, order decandria, 
natural order of papilionaceae, (leguminofte, Ge¬ 
neric charaXers—Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, bell- 
fhaped, comprefied, truncated and flattifh at the bafe, 
four-toothed ; the upper tooth obliterated, very feldom 
cloven ; the lateral ones more remote, acute, the lowed 
more produced, and more awl-fhaped. Corolla: papilio¬ 
naceous ; banner reflex, cordate, ovate, quite entire, ob- 
tufe, flat; claw flattifh, fcarcely longer than the calyx, 
remote from the wings and keel; wings oblong, converg¬ 
ing, gibbous at the bafe, clawed ; keel fhorter than the 
wings, compofed of two diftinX, converging, clawed pe¬ 
tals, forming an oblong, comprefied, ftraight lheath. Sta¬ 
mina : filaments ten, united into a comprefled lheath, 
broader at the bafe ; antherae ovate. Piftillum : germert 
linear, comprefled ; ftyle fhort; ftigma acute. Pericar- 
pium ; fruit necklace-form, compofed of three, four, or 
five, concatenated, folid, one-celled, one-valved, one- 
feeded, globules, the loweft of which are larger. Seeds : 
folitary, comprefled, kidney-form, fmooth.— EJJential Cha- 
rafter. Pericarpium elongated, fleffiy, necklace-form, 
with one-leeded globules. 
Mullera moniliformis, or beaded mullera^ the only 
fpecies. It is a tree with ferruginous, fomewhat-waited, 
branches. Leaves alternate, pinnate, having, two pairs of 
leaflets, with an odd one at the end ; flowers lcattered, 
nodding;, the fize of thofe of Laburnum : the petals fall 
oft) whiift the calyx remains, and the gennen fwells: this 
however 
