764 NEW EN 
north-wed corner of the Maflachufetts, being feparated 
only by the narrow valley of Hoofack-river. The higheft 
.part of this range is Toghkonnuck Mountain in Egre- 
mont, the fouth-weftern corner of the fame date. Over 
this mountain, elevated probably more than 3000 feet 
above the ocean, runs the boundary between Maflachu¬ 
fetts, Connecticut, and New York. The fecond range 
is that of the Green Mountains; which fee, vol. ix. 
The third range has the fame commencement with the 
fecond at Newhaven, in a delightful eminence called the 
Ead Rock, and pafling through the counties of Newhaven, 
Hartford, and Hampfliire, extends into Canada. The 
Blue Hills in Southington, Mount Tom, which is the 
principal eminence, Mount Holyoke, and Mount Toby 
in Sunderland, are the principal fummits of this range 
fouth of New Hampfliire. This range, which is preci¬ 
pitous and romantic, erodes Connefticut-river juft below 
Northampton and Hadley in Maflachufetts. The fouth 
or eadern range begins at Lyme in Connecticut, and 
forms the eadern boundary of the Connecticut Valley, 
.until it unites with the lad-mentioned range in the county 
of Hampfliire ; but is lei's diftinftly marked by eminences 
than the others. The chief tingle mountains are Saddle 
Mountain in Maflachufetts, computed to be about 4000 
feet above the fea, Watchufett in the county of Worcefter, 
Afchutney in the date of Vermont, Monadnock in New 
Hampfliire, and the White Mountains in the fame date, 
of which the higheft fummit is Mount Wafliington, pro¬ 
bably between 10,000 and 11,000 feet above the ocean, 
and the higheft land in the United States. This moun¬ 
tain is covered during a great part of the year with fnow; 
and isfeen in fair weather at the diftance of 90 miles from 
the fea, and 160 from its bafe. 
New England abounds incatarafts and cafcades ; thofe 
of the White Mountains being Angularly romantic and 
beautiful. The principal rivers are the Schoduck, Pe- 
noblcot, Kennebeck, Amarifcoggin, Saco, Pifcataqua, 
Merrimack, Parkers, Charles, Taunton, Providence, 
Thames, Connecticut, Hooeftonnuck or Stratford, Onion, 
La Moille, and Miflifconi. The chief lakes are Cham¬ 
plain and Memphremagog, lying partly in Vermont and 
partly in New York ; Winnipiflogee and Umbagog in 
New Hampfliire ; Sebago, Mooiehead, Willeguenguagun, 
and Chilmacook or Grand Lake, in Maine. The molt 
important and ufeful harbours are thofe of Machias; 
Frenchman’s Bay, Wifcafl'ct, Portland, and Wells, in 
Maine ; Pifcataqua in New Hampfliire ; Newbury Port, 
Salem, Marble-head, Boflon, Provincetown, and New 
Bedford, in Maflachufetts Proper; Newport, Briftol, and 
Providence, in Rhode Ifland; and New London, New- 
liaven, and Black Rock, in Fairfield, in Connecticut. 
Burlington Bay is the molt confiderable harbour in Lake 
Champlain, on the Vermont ftiore. 
The foil of New England is diverfified by every variety, 
from a lean and barren land to the richeit clays and loams. 
The hills are covered with a brown loam intermixed with 
gravel, which is favourable to the production of grafs, 
and, in the weftern parts of the country, of wheat, and all 
other kinds of grain and fruits fuited to the climate. A 
rich loam, varying towards clay, is prevalent in Connec¬ 
ticut, and is favourable to every kind of cultivation. 
Sand is generally found on the plains; and the yellow- 
pine-plains, which are commonly a mixture of fand and 
gravel, are friendly to every production that does not re¬ 
quire a richer foil. The white-pine-plains are ufually 
covered with loam, and thefe, as well as fome of the lad- 
mentioned in the fame condition, are uncommonly fertile. 
The valleys are a rich mould; and the intervals, border¬ 
ing the various dreams, are generally fands formed by 
earth depolited by the floods in the fpring, and are of the 
richeft quality. The foil, however, generally fpeaking, is 
better adapted'for grazing than for grain, though a diffi¬ 
dent quantity of the latter is raided for home-confump- 
tion, if we except wheat, which is largely imported, par¬ 
ticularly into Maflachufetts, from the middle and fouthern 
GLAND. 
dates. Indian corn, rye, oats, barley, buck-wheat, flax 
and hemp, generally fucceed very well. Fruits of every - 
kind, which fuit a temperate climate, may be obtained 
in abundance. The fummer-heat brings to perfection 
peaches, apricots, and nectarines. Orchards of apple- 
trees cover a confiderable part of the whole country, and 
cider is the common drink of the inhabitants. Pears, 
plums, cherries, currants, goofeberries, whortleberries, 
blackberries, bilberries, &c’. abound. Perry is made in 
fome pftrts of the country, but not in great quantities. 
Various fpecies of the hiikery and hazle-nuts, and chef- 
nuts, are plentifully furniflied by the fouthern half of New 
■England. Gardening is much improved, and its produc¬ 
tions are daily varying and increafing. But the mod im¬ 
portant production of New England is grafs. The high 
and rocky ground is in many parts covered with clover, 
and aft’ords excellent pafture to fome of the fined cattle 
in the world. The quantity of butter and cheele made 
for exportation is very great. Confiderable attention is 
now paid to the raffing of flieep ; and the wool is in a date 
of progreffive improvement. The principal exports are 
mackarel, falmon, cod, and other fidi; whale-oil and 
whale-bone, timber, mads, boards, ltaves, hoops, and 
diingles ; horfes, mules, falted beef, and pork, pot-afli, 
pearl-adi, dax-feed, apples, cider, corn, butter, andcheefe. 
New England is the mod populous part of the United 
States: it contained, in 1790, 1,009,522 perfons ; in 1800, 
1,233,011 ; and, in 1810, 1,471,927. The great body of 
the inhabitants confifts of landholders and cultivators of 
the foil. As they podefs in fee-fimple the farms which 
they cultivate, they are all naturally attached to their 
country ; and the cultivation of the foil makes them 
robuft and healthy. New England has been not unaptly 
denqminated a nurfery of men ; and hence, are annually 
tranfplanted into other parts of the United States, thou- 
flmds of its natives. They are alinoft univerfally of Eng- 
liffi defeent; and to this circumftan.ee, as well as to the 
general attention that has been paid to education, it is 
owing that the Englilh language has been preserved 
among them in fo confiderable a degree of purity. The 
New Englanders are generally tall, llout, and w’ell-made. 
Their education, laws, and fituation, lerve to infpire them 
with high notions of liberty, of which they are jealous, 
in fome cafes perhaps, to excefs. A chief foundation of 
freedom in the New-England dates is a law, by which in- 
teftate eftates defeend to all the children, or other heirs* 
in equal proportion ; and hence it happens, that the peo¬ 
ple of New England enjoy an equality of condition that 
is unknown in any other part of the world. Beddes, they 
are frugal and indudrious, and inured to habits of fo- 
briety and temperance. Learning is more generally dif- 
fufed among all ranks of people in New England than in 
any other part of the globe; which is Owing to the excel¬ 
lent eftablidnnent of Ichools in every town. Literature 
is alfo encouraged and dift’ufed by the circulation of newf- 
papers and periodical publications, and by the eftablidi- 
ment of reading-focieties and parochial libraries. In 
former times the New Englanders were drift, to a degree 
of punftilioulnefs, in their oblervance of the fabbath ; 
and hence, as well as from fome other traits of their be¬ 
haviour, they acquired the charafter of a fuperditious and 
bigoted people. But lince the war, a tolerant fpirit, occa- 
floned by a more enlarged intercourfe with mankind, has 
much increafed, and is becoming univerfal; fo that, fays 
Dr. Morfe, “ if they do not go beyond the proper bounds, 
and liberalize away all true religion, of which there is very 
great danger, they will counteract that ftfong propenfity 
in human nature which leads men to vibrate from one 
extreme to its oppofite.” The fefts of Chridians are very 
numerous and various. Of thefe fefts, thofe that are. 
called Congregationalifts are the molt numerous : in 
New England there are about 1200 congregations of this 
denomination. Next to thefe in refpeft of number are 
Preffiy terians; and there are between 40 and 50 Proteltant 
epifcopal churches. MorJ'e’s American Gaz , 
NEW- 
