NEW Y O R K. 
789 
vultures were frequently obferved fitting together on the 
hills among the lhags, while none of the latter, either old 
or young, appeared to be difturbed at their prefence. It 
is probable, therefore, that thefe birds of prey fubfift by 
feeding on the carcafes of the animals which die naturally 
or by various accidents, and which mult be very nu¬ 
merous from the immenfe quantity exifting on the ifland. 
Lat. 54. 41. S. Ion. 64. 28. W. So fevere is the cold in 
thefe fouthem regions, that thefe illands, though only in 
the latitude of the north of England, are more frozen than 
Lapland, which lies in 70 degrees of north latitude. See 
Success Bay. 
NEW YORK', one of the United States of America, 
is fituated between lat. 40. 40. and 45. N. and between 
Ion. 73. 10. and 80. W. It is about 350 miles in length, 
and 300 in breadth ; bounded fouth-eafterly by the At¬ 
lantic Ocean ; eaft by Connecticut, Maffachufetts, and 
Vermont; north by Upper Canada; fouth-weft and welt 
by Pennfylvania, New Jerfey, and Lake Erie. 
This Hate was, by an aCt of legillature palled in March 
1788, divided into fifteen counties, to which fix have 
Alice been added from the neighbouring territory. The 
following are the names of the twenty-one counties, as 
they fublift at prefent: 
NeV York. 
Richmond. 
Suffolk. 
Weft Chefter. 
Queen’s. 
King’s. 
Orange. 
Ulfter. 
Duchefs. 
Columbia. 
Renlfelaer. 
Walhington. 
Clinton. 
Saratoga. 
Albany. 
Montgomery. 
Herkemer. 
Onondago. 
Otfego. 
Ontario. 
Tioga. 
The number of inhabitants in this ftate, as it fubfifted 
in 1756, was 83,233 whites, and 1 3,542 blacks ; 96,775 in 
the whole. In 177.1, there were 148,124 whites, and 
19,883 blacks; total 168,007. In 1786, the total number 
was 238,897, including 18,889 negroes. In 1790, the 
ftate contained 340,120 inhabitants, of whom 21,324 were 
Haves, and 41,785 eleCfors. In 1795, after the addition 
of the counties of Renfielaer, Saratoga, Herkemer, Onon¬ 
dago, Otfego, and Tioga, Mr. Mode ftates the number of 
eleClors at 64,107, and that of inhabitants (by fuppofi- 
tion) at 530,177. But, after the aft for a regular cenfus 
was palled, the numbers are more to be depended upon ; 
accordingly, we may ftate the number of fouls in 1800 at 
586,203 ; and in 1810 the cenfus gives us the aftonilhing 
number of 959,220. The area of this ftate is 52,125 
fquare miles, or 33,360,000 acres ; and it fends twenty- 
feven members to congrefs. A bill palled the fenate on 
the 26th of March, 1817, entirely abolilhing llavery in 
that ftate after the 4th of July, 1827. 
The chief rivers in this ftate are the Hudfon and the 
Mohawk, with their branches. The rivers Delaware and 
Sufquehannah rife in this ftate. The principal lakes are 
Otfego, Oneido, George, Seneca, Cayuga, Salt, and Chau- 
taughque. The principal bay is that of York, which 
fpreads to the fouthward before the city of New York. 
The legillature of New' York, ftimulated by the enterprif- 
ing and aClive Pennlylvanians, who were competitors for 
the trade of the weftern country, granted very liberal 
fums towards improving thofe roads that traverfe the 
mod fettled parts of the country, and opening fuch as 
lead into the W'eftern and northern parts of the ftate, 
uniting as far as poflible the eltablilhments on Hudfcn’s 
River and the molt populous parts of the interior coun¬ 
try by the neareft practicable dillances. By the eftablilh- 
ments of poft-roads, a fafe and direCt conveyance is opened 
between the moft interior weftern parts of this ftate and 
thefeveral ftates in the union. 
The ftate of New York, to fpeak generally, is inter¬ 
fered by ridges of mountains extending in a north-eaft 
and fouth-weft direction. Beyond the Alleghany Moun¬ 
tains, however, the country is level, of a fine rich foil, 
covered in its natural ftate with maple, beech, birch, 
cherry, black walnut, locuft, hickory, and fome mulberry 
Vol. XVI. No. 1154. 
trees. . On the banks of Lake Erie are a few chefnut and 
oak ridges. Hemlock-fwamps are interfperfed thinly 
through the country. All the creeks that empty into 
Lake Erie have falls, which afford many excellent mill- 
feats. The lands between the Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, 
are reptefented as uncommonly excellent, being moft 
agreeably diverfified with gentle tilings, and timbered 
with lofty trees, with little underwood. The legillature 
granted a million and a half acres of land, as a gratuity to 
the officers and loldiers of the line of this ftate, for their 
fervices during the revolutionary w-ar. This trad forms 
the military townjhips of the county of Onondago. See 
Military Townships, and Onondago. Eaft of the 
Alleghany Mountains, which commence with the Kaat’s 
Kill, on the weft fide of Hudfon’s River, the country is 
broken into hills with rich intervening valleys. The 
hills are clothed thick with timber, and when cleared af¬ 
ford fine pafture; the valleys, when cultivated, produce 
wheat, hemp, flax, peafe, grafs, oats, Indian-corn, &c. Of 
the commodities produced from culture, wheat is the 
principal. Indian-corn and peafe are likewife railed for 
exportation ; and rye, oats, barley, &c. for home-con- 
fumption. The belt lands in the ftate, along Mohawk- 
riyer, and north of it, and w'eft of the Alleghany Moun¬ 
tains, but a few years ago was moftly in a ftate of nature, 
but has been of late rapidly fettling. ' In the northern and 
unfettled parts of the ftate are plenty of moofe-deer, 
bears, fome beavers, martins, and moft other of the inha¬ 
bitants of the foreft, except wolves. The Ball-town, Sa¬ 
ratoga, and New Lebanon, medicinal fprings, are much 
celebrated ; thefe are noticed under their refpe&ive heads. 
Large quantities of iron-ore are found here. A filver- 
mine has been worked at Philliplburg, which produced 
virgin-filver. Lead is found in Herkemer-county, and 
fulphur in Montgomery. Spar, zink, manganefe, yellow 1 
pyrites, various kinds of copper-ore, and lead and coal 
mines, are found in this ftate; alfo ifinglafs in Iheets, 
talcs, and cryftals of various kinds and colours, flint, af- 
beftos, and feveral other foffils. Gypfum, or plafter-ftone, 
is very abundant in feveral parts of the ftate of New York, 
particularly about Onondago and Madifon counties; alfo 
in the vicinity of Cayuga Lake, whence, in 1812, 6000 
tons of it.were exported to Pennfylvania. In many parts 
of the United States it has been found an important article 
of manure in the cultivation of graffes, roots, and grain. 
Rock-falt has not hitherto been difcovered ; but there are 
numerous falt-fprings, which fometimes flow naturally, 
but are more frequently formed by finking-wells, in thofe 
places where fait is known to exilt, as in certain marffies, 
and in fait licks, fo called from having been formerly the 
refort of wild animals to lick the clay impregnated with the 
fait. Thefe fprings occur in the Onondago and Cayuga 
lakes, alfociated with the great gypfum-formation already 
noticed. The brine is ftrong, and yields about 300,000 
buffiels (1361b. each) of fait annually; which is about 
one half of what is produced from falt-fprings through¬ 
out the whole of the United States. 
The chief manufactures are iron, glafs, paper, pot and 
pearl allies, earthen-ware, maple-fugar, and mobiles. 
This ftate, having a fhort and eafy accefs to the ocean, 
commands the trade of a great proportion of the beft-let- 
tled and beft-cultivated parts of the United States. Their 
exports to the Weft Indies are, bilcuit, peafe, Indian- 
corn, apples, onions, boards, Haves, horfes, Iheep, butter, 
cheefe, pickled oyfters, beef and pork. But wheat is the 
ftaple commodity of the ftate, of which no lefs than 677,700 
bulhels were exported fo long ago as the year 1775, be- 
fides 2555 tons of bread, and 2828 tons of flour. The in- 
creafe iince has been in proportion to the increafe of the 
population. In wheat and flour, more than ia million of 
bulhels are now annually exported. Weft-India goods 
are. received in return for the above articles. Befides the 
articles already enumerated, are exported flax-feed, cot¬ 
ton, wool, farfaparilla, coffee, indigo, rice, pig-iron, bar- 
iron, pct-alh, pearl-aih, furs, deer-lkin,. log-wood, fuftic, 
2 ? mahogany s 
