790 
NEW 
mahogany, bees-wax, oil, Madeira-wine, rum, tar, pitch, 
turpentine, whale-fins, fifh, fugars, molafles, fait, tobacco, 
lard, &c. but molt of thefe articles are imported for re¬ 
exportation. 
There are in this Hate, two handfomely-endowed and 
fiourilhing colleges* viz. Columbia, formerly King’s Col¬ 
lege, in the city of New York, and Union College, at 
Schenedtady. See the next page, and Schenectady. 
Befides thefe, there are difperfed in different parts of the 
Hate, fourteen incorporated academies, containing in the 
whole, as many as fix orfeven hundred Itudents. Thefe, 
with the eftablifhment of fchools, one at leafl in every 
diflrid of four Iquare miles, for the common branches of 
education, mull have the moll beneficial effedls on the 
Hate of fociety. The hums granted by the legillature of 
this Hate for the encouragement of literature fince the 
year 1790, have been very liberal; and, in March 1790, 
the legillature granted to the regents of the univeriity, 
who have by law the fuperintendance and management of 
the literature of the Hate, feveral large and valuable tradls 
of land, on the waters of Lakes George and Champlain, 
and alfo Governor’s Illand in the harbour of New York, 
with intent that the rents and income thereof Ihould be 
by them applied to the advancement of literature : at the 
fame time, they granted them 1000I. currency, for the 
fame general purpofe. In April 1792, they ordered to 
be paid to the regents 1500I. for enlarging the library, 
200I. for a chemical apparatus, 1200I. for ereding a wall 
to fupport the college-grounds, and 5000I. for ere&ing a 
hall and an additional wing to the college; and 1500I. 
annually for five years, to be difcretionally difiributed 
among the academies of the Hate; alfo 750I. for five years, 
to be applied to the payment of the falaries of additional 
profelfors. In their fefiions, fince 1795, the fums they 
have granted for the fupport of the colleges, academies, 
and common fchools, throughout the Hate, have been 
very liberal. The religious feCts or denominations in the 
Hate are, Englilli Prelbyterians, Dutch Reformed, Baptifls, 
Epifcopalians, Friends or Quakers, German Lutherans, 
Moravians, Methodifis, Roman Catholics, Shakers, a few 
followers of Jemima Wilkinfon at Geneva, and fome Jews 
in the city of New' York. The body of the Six Nations 
of Indians inhabit the weflern part of this Hate. See 
Iroquois, vol. xi. p. 380. 
It has been explained, under the article America, 
vol. i. p. 431. that this province was firfi fettled by the 
Dutch, who had built a fort, in 1614, on the well fide of 
Hudfon’s River, near Albany, and named it Fort Orange. 
But, the very fame year, captain Argali, under fir Thomas 
Dale, governor of Virginia, attacked the Dutch, who, 
being unable to reiifi him, prudently fubmitted for the 
prefent to the king of England, and under him to the go¬ 
vernor of Virginia. Determined, however, upon the let- 
tlement of a colony, the Hates-general, in 1621, granted 
the country to the Wefi India Company; and in 1629, 
Wbuter Van Twiller arrived at Fort Amfierdam, and took 
upon himfelf the government. On AuguH 27, 1664, go¬ 
vernor Stuvefant furrendered the colony to Col. Nicolls, 
who had arrived in the bay a few days before, with three 
or four fhips and three hundred foldiers, having a com- 
miflion from king Charles II. to reduce the place, which 
was then called New Amfierdam , but was changed to New 
York, as was Fort Orange to Albany, in honour of H.R.H. 
James duke of York and Albany, the king’s brother. 
Very few of the inhabitants thought proper to remove 
out of the country ; and their numerous defeendants are 
Hill in many parts of this Hate and New Jerfey. In 1667, 
at the peace of Breda, New York was confirmed to the 
Englifii, who, in exchange, ceded Surinam to the Dutch. 
The Englilli kept peaceable polfelfion of the country until 
1673, when the Dutch, with whom they were then at war, 
lent a fmall fquadron, which arrived at Staten Illand on 
the 30th of July. John Manning, a captain of an inde¬ 
pendent company, who had at that time the command of 
the fort, lent a meflenger down to the commodore, and 
YORK. 
treacheroully made his terms with him. On the fame 
day the Ihips came up, moored under the fort, landed 
their men, and entered the garrifon, without giving or 
receiving a (hot. All the magifirates and confiables from 
EaH Jerfey, Long Illand, FEfopus, and Albany, were 
fummoned to New York, and the major part of them 
fwore allegiance to the Hates-general and the prince of 
Orange. The conquerors, however, did not long enjoy 
the fruits of their luccefs ; for, on the 9th of February, 
the year following, a treaty of peace between England 
and Holland was figned at Wefiminfier ; by the fixth ar¬ 
ticle of which, this province was refiored to the Englifh, 
in whofe hands it remained till the late revolution. 
There are but three incorporated cities in this Hate; 
New York, Albany, and Hudfon. CruHvell'sGaz. MorJ'e's 
Amer. Gaz. 
NEW YORK, a county in the above Hate, compre¬ 
hending the Illand of New York, or Manhattan, on which 
the metropolis Hands, and the following fmall iflands; 
Great Barn, Little Barn, Manning’s, Nutten, Bedlow’s, 
Bucking, and Oyfier, Iflands. New York Illand, on 
which the city of that name Hands, is about fifteen miles 
long, and does not extend two in any part in breadth. It 
is joined to the main land by a bridge, called King’s 
Bridge, fifteen miles north of the city of New York. 
NEW YORK, the chief city of the above county, and 
of the whole Hate, and the fecond in rank in the union, 
is fituated at the fouth-wefi point of the illand juH men¬ 
tioned, at the confluence of the Hudfon and EaH rivers. 
The principal part of the city lies on the eaH fide of the 
illand, although the buildings extend from one river to’ 
the other. The length of the city on Eafl-river is about 
two miles, but falls much Ihort of that diflance on the 
banks of the Hudfon : its breadth, on an average, is 
nearly three-fourths of a mile, and its circumference may 
be four miles. The plan of this city is not perfectly re¬ 
gular, but is laid out, agreeably to the fituation of the 
ground. The principal Hreets are nearly parallel with 
the rivers ; thefe are interfered, though not at right an¬ 
gles, by Hreets running from river to river: the width of 
the Hreets is various. The houfes are generally built of 
brick, and the roofs tiled: there are remaining a few houfes 
built after the Dutch manner, but the Englilh tafle has 
prevailed altnofl a century. Upon the fouth-wefl point of 
the land Hands the fort; it is a fquare, with four baflions; 
within the walls of which, the governors ufed formerly 
to relide. Below the fort, near the water, there is a line 
of fortifications of confiderable extent, defigned to com¬ 
mand the entrance into both rivers. But it is queflion- 
able, whether any number of cannon would prevent Harps- 
from palling with a favourable wind and tide; and indeed 
whether New York is capable of defence by land againH a 
powerful marine force. The city-hall is a brick-building, 
more Hrong than elegant; it is three flories in height, 
with wings at each end. There are three houfes of public 
worlhip belonging to the reformed Proteflant Dutch 
church, four Prelbyterian and three Epifcopal churches, 
with nine places of worlhip for other Chriftians, and a fy- 
nagogue for the Jews. The government of the city 
(which was incorporated in 1696) is now in the hands of 
a mayor, aldermen, and common-council. The city is 
divided into nine wards, in each of which there is chofen 
annually, by the people, an alderman and afliflant, who, 
together with the mayor and recorder, form the common- 
council : the mayor and recorder are appointed annually 
by the council of appointment. 
This city is efieemed the moH eligible fituation for 
commerce in the United States. It almoH neceflarily com¬ 
mands the trade of one-half of New Jerfey, mofl of that of 
Connecticut, and part of that of Maflachufetts, befides the 
whole fertile interior country, which is penetrated by one 
of the largefi rivers in America. This city imports mofl 
of the goods confumed between a line of thirty miles eaH 
of ConneClicut-river and twenty miles wefl of the Hud¬ 
fon, which is 130 miles 5 and between the ocean and the 
confines 
