796 N 1L W 
To the fouthward of the group, another fmall ifland 
was difcovered in 1811, to which was given the name of 
Campbell's Ifland; and to the fouth-weft of them, Mac- 
quarrie’s Iflands, in lat. 55. S. and Ion. 160. E. Several 
other iflands are fcattered about thofe of New Zealand ; 
Chatham Ijland to the eaftward of it, and a group of fmall 
ones near it, feen by the Cornwallis in 180-7; Bounty 
Ijland to the fouth-eaft; and, to the fouthward of the 
latter, a little ifland, which, from its pofition with regard 
to England, has been named Antipodes Ijland. See Ency. 
Brit. Suppl. Monthly Mag. vol. xxx. Gent. Mag. vol. 
Ixxxviii. and Nicholas’s Narrative of a Voyage to New 
Zealand, performed in the Years 1814, 15. 
NEW'ARK, a borough and market-town in the county 
of Nottingham, is a place of great antiquity, and lup- 
pofed to have rifen on the ruins of the Roman ftations 
of Ad Ponton and Crocolana, which were undoubtedly 
lituated in this vicinity. Newark, according to Mr. 
Dickenfon, means New-work, which, he fays, evidently 
implies that there was fomething older on which it was 
ingrafted, though whether the new ere&ion took place 
in the time of the Romans, or the Saxons, lie thinks 
cannot be precifely determined. It is certain, however, 
that this place had acquired its prefent name before the 
reign of Edward the Confeflor, as it is mentioned in his 
time as the property of Leofric earl of Mercia, and given 
by him to the monaftery of Stow, near Lincoln. What 
was its condition or extent at this period is unknown, 
nor does any circumftance deferving attention occur re- 
fpe&ing it till about the year 1126, when we are informed 
that Alexander bifliop of Lincoln built “ a large and mag¬ 
nificent caftle here,” which was foon after feized from 
him by king Stephen, and held for many years in the 
pofleflion of the crown. During the troublefome reign 
of king John, this fortrefs was befieged by the rebellious 
barons, and refolutely defended till news arrived of the 
approach of the monarch, when the alfailants thought 
proper to retire; the king, in confequence, fubfequently 
entered the town without oppofition; but fo fatigued and 
exhaufted by care, and the difficulties of a long march, 
that he was attacked with a dyfentery, which, in a few 
days, put an end to his life. In the fucceeding reign, 
Newark-caftle was fortified by the barons who had fup- 
ported the interefts of prince Louis, and were bafely de- 
lerted by him. The earl of Pembroke marched againft 
them; and, having clofely invefted the^caftle, -compelled 
them to furrender at difcretion, after a refiftance of eight 
days. Throughout the time of the grand rebellion in 
the feventeenth century, the inhabitants of this town 
were confpicuous for their loyalty. By the exertions 
made to render the place defenflble, and the bravery of 
the royalifts, it became a moll important garrifon, and 
not only held in fubjeftion the county of Northampton, 
but laid a great part of Lincolnfhire under contribution. 
It flood three very defperate fieges, in all of which much 
refolution and gallantry were difplayed; nor were the par¬ 
liamentary forces able to obtain pofleflion of it till it fur- 
rendered to the Scotch army by order of the king. 
Newark, l'ubfequent to the erection of the caftle, feems 
to have advanced rapidly in extent and population. 
Edward VI. conftituted it a borough by charter in the 
third year of his reign. This deed has been confirmed, 
and many privileges added, by feveral of his fucceffors, 
and particularly by Charles II. who, in gratitude to the 
town for its loyalty to his father, granted it the privilege 
of fending members to parliament; fo that this is the 
moft modern parliamentary borough in England. Now, 
though this is fo large a town, containing above 7000 
inhabitants, it is abfolutely dependent in the choice of 
its members. The duke of Newcaftle, lord Middleton, 
John Sutton, efq. of Kelham, and fir Jennilon Gordon, 
are proprietors of the greateft part of the borough; and 
the nomination of its members is left to the two former. 
Sir William Paxton made a powerful oppofition to this 
phalanx in 1790, and again m 1796, but without final 
A R K. 
fuccefs. The houfe of commons, in 1699, came to a re¬ 
folution, “ that all who paid, or ought to pay, fcot and 
lot, had a right to vote at eledlions of members of par¬ 
liament;” but a contrary one was palled in 1791, which 
ftates the right to be in the mayor, aldermen, and in¬ 
habitants, paying fcot and lot. In this refolution, the 
words “ ought to pay,” are omitted. With his laft re¬ 
folution Mr. Oldfield finds great fault, becaufe, he fays, 
it confirms the influence of the patrons, as the magiftrates 
and the overfeers of the poor are fure to be in their in- 
tereft, and have the power of making poor’s rates to a 
certain degree conformable to their wifhes. The cor¬ 
poration confifts of a mayor, twelve aldermen, and twelve 
affiftants; the number of voters, paying fcot and lot, is 
about 700. The mayor is the returning officer. The 
prefent members are—Henry Willoughby, efq. and fir 
William Clinton. 
Newark has a weekly market on Wednefday, which is 
well fupplied; and fix fairs in a year, viz. Careing-fair, 
the Friday before Careing Sunday, which is the Sunday 
fortnight before Eafter; May-fair, the 14th of May ; 
Whitlun-Tuefday; Lammas-fair, the 2d of Auguft ; All 
Saints, the ift of November; and St. Andrew^s fair, the 
Monday before the nth of December. In the market¬ 
place, which is a large fquare, and faid to have been 
formerly much more extenfive than at prefent, Hands the 
town-hall, an elegant ftone building, ere&ed in 1805, at 
an expenfe of 17,000k paid out of the funds of the tefta- 
mentary eftates left for the advantage of the town. It 
confifts of three ftories, containing the courts and requifite 
offices and apartments belonging to the corporation, and 
a large room appropriated to concerts and aflemblies. 
The worklioufe of this town is one of the moft commo¬ 
dious and beft regulated in the kingdom 3 but its prifon 
■was, till very lately at leaft, a difgrace to any civilized 
nation, and ftill requires confiderable amelioration. Here 
is a grammar-fchool of acknowledged refpe&ability, 
founded by Dr. Thomas Magnus in 1529, as an infcrip- 
tion over the door imports. The church is a truly fuperb 
and capacious edifice of the age of Henry VI. The tower 
is finely ornamented with arch-work and fculpture, and 
fupported a lofty fpire, adorned with ftatues of the 
twelve apoftles in niches : but the fpire was lowered about 
ten fget in July 1818 ; and the beauty of the edifice, which 
was confidered to be unrivalled by any in the counties of 
Lincoln and Northampton, fo famous for their fpires, 
entirely deftroyed. (See Gent. Mag. for Sept. 1818.) In 
the windows appear fome paintings on glafs, reprefenting 
the various events of our Saviour’s life, together with a 
number of armorial bearings. 
Clofe to the river Hand the ruins of the caftle, which, 
notwithftanding the demolition it lia? undergone, ftill 
prefent an auguft and impofing afpedl. The north front 
is the moft perfeft, having a mafiive fqbare tower at the 
north-eaft angle, and another in the centre of the eleva¬ 
tion. Between thefe, in the principal ftory, and among 
fome large magnificent windows, is an immenfe projedl- 
ing-window, exhibiting a perfeft fpecimen of thofe an¬ 
ciently called “ bays or bowers.” Under the great hall, 
which feems to have been of later ere&ion than the reft of 
the building, is a moft curious arched vault, or crypt, 
fupported by a row of pillars in the centre, and having 
loop-holes and embrafures towards the river. At the 
end of this vault is a fubterraneous paflage, faid to have 
gone a great way underground, but it has never been ex¬ 
plored. The bridge thrown over the Trent here is con- 
ftrufted of brick, faced with ftone, and was the gift of 
the earl of Northumberland. 
The religious foundations in this town, during the 
times of popery, were a houle of Auftin Friars, and an¬ 
other of Obfervant Friars; befides an hofpital dedicated 
to St. Leonard, built by bifhop Alexander in the latter 
end of the reign of Henr^. and one belonging to the 
Knights Templars, founded previous to the year 1185. 
Near Northgate was a great houfe, called the Spittle, 
3 which 
