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684 
.are extremely ugly, anc! have an infufferableodour; thole 
of Sofala and of Mofambique are handfome, and have no 
bad fmell. It is therefore neceffary to divide the blacks 
into different races ; and, we think, they may be reduced 
to three principal ones, that of the Negroes, that of the 
Caffres, and that of the Moors. Under the fird we com¬ 
prehend the blacks of Nubia, of Senegal, of Cape Verd, 
of Gambia, of Sierra Leona, of the Teeth and Gold 
Coafts, of that of Juda, Benin, Loango, Congo, Angola, 
and of Benguela, as far as Cape Negro. Under the le* 
corn! we may include all the nations from Cape Negro 
to the point of Africa where they afl'ume the name cf 
Hottentots, and all thofe on the eadern coalt, within the 
fame latitude, as the territories of Natal, of Sofala,. of 
Monomotapa, of Mofambique, of Melinda : the blacks 
of Madagafcar, and of the neighbouring illands, are like- 
wife Caffres,- and not Negroes. Thefe two races of men 
have a greater refemblance to each other in colour, than 
in their features, hair, fkin, or fmell; their manners and 
natural difpofitions are likewife very different. But the 
differences of colour are produced by the climate ; while 
the peculiarities in features depend much upon the cuf- 
toras which take place among different nations; fuch as ’ 
flattening the nofe, pulling the hair off the eye-brows, 
lengthening the ears, thickening the lips, making the 
face broad, &c. Nothing can be a ftronger proof of the 
influence of climate upon colour, than to find, under the 
fame latitude, and diftant from each other more than a 
thoufand leagues, people lb limilar as the Nubians and 
natives of Senegal ; and to find that the Hottentots, who 
mull have originated from a black race, are the whited 
people in Africa, for no other reafon but becaufe their 
country is the coldefl. 
The Hottentots are well known, and defcribed by al- 
mofl every voyager. They are not properly Negroes, but 
Caffres ; and would be of a tawny colour only, if they did 
not blacken their fkin with greafe and paint. Kolbe, 
who has given a very accurate defcription of thefe people, 
regards them, however, as Negroes. He affures .us, that 
they have all fliort, black, frizzled, woolly, hair; and 
that he never law,a Angle Hottentot with long hair. But 
this circumdance is not iuflicient to make us confider 
them as general negroes. In the fird place, their colour 
is totally different;'for Kolbe tells us, that they are 
olive, and never black, though they employ every method 
to darken the fkin. In the next place it feems to be 
equally difficult to pronounce concerning their hair; for 
they never either comb or wafh it, but daily rub on their 
heads vafl quantities of greafe, foot, and dud, which 
make their hair refemble a fleece of wool fluffed with dirt. 
JBefides, their difpofitions are different from thofe of the 
Negroes. The latter are fedentary, love cleanlinefs, and 
are eafi’iy reconciled to fervitude. The Hottentots, on 
the contrary, are a wandering independent people, ex¬ 
tremely naffy, and jealous of their liberty. Thefe dif¬ 
ferences are more than-fufflcient to convince us that the 
Hottentots are not of the fame race with the Negroes. 
Gama, who fird doubled the Cape of Good Hope, de- 
fcribes the inhabitants as being black, of fmali ffature, 
and having a very dilagreeable afpefil; but he fays not 
that they were naturally black like the negroes; and, 
. doubtlefs, they only feerned black to him by "the greafe 
and foot with which they are perpetually covered. This 
voyager adds, that the found of their voice refembled 
flghing; that they were clothed in the fkins of beads; 
and that their arms were bludgeons hardened with the 
Are, and pointed with the horn of fome animal. Tt is 
apparent, therefore, that the Hottentots praftile no arts 
in common with the Negroes. We are informed by the 
Dutch voyagers, that the favages to the north of the Cape 
are fmulier than the Europeans; that their colour is a 
reddilh brown ; that they are extremely ugly, and endea¬ 
vour to increale their blacknefs' with paint; and that their 
hair refembles'that of a man who has hung long on a gib¬ 
bet. In another place they tell us, that the Hottentots 
are of the colour of Mulattoes, Father Tachard lays, 
that though, in general, their hair be woolly, like that of 
the Negroes, yet many of them have long hair, which 
floats upon their fhoulders.. He even adds, that fome of 
them are almofl as white as Europeans, but that they 
blacken their (kin with greafe, and the powder of a cer¬ 
tain black done ; and that their women are naturally fair; 
bpt, to pleafe their huffiands, they paint themfelves black. 
Ovingtaj^ tells us, that the Hottentots are more tawny 
than the other Indians; that no people refemble the 
Negroes more in colour and features, but that they are 
not fo black ; and their hair is not fo crifped, nor their 
nofe fo flat. From all thefe tedimonies, it is .plain that 
the Hottentots are not true Negroes, but blacks begin¬ 
ning to approach towards whitenefs, as the Moors are 
whites approaching to blacknefs. 
On a clofer examination of the different people of which 
each of thefe races coniifl, we lliall find as many varieties 
among the blacks as among the whites, and an equal 
number of fhades from brown to black, as vve have found 
from brown to white in the other race. 
We flial-1 begin with the countries to the north of Se¬ 
negal, and, proceeding along the coafts, we flial-1 confider 
the different nations which have been recognifecl and de¬ 
fcribed by travellers. In the fird place, it is certain, that 
the. natives of the Canary Iflands are not Negroes; for we 
are allured by voyagers, that the ancient inhabitants of 
thefe iflands were tall and well-made; that the women 
were handfome, and had fine hair; and that the inhabi¬ 
tants of the fouthern parts of eachifland were more olive- 
coloured than thofe on the northern parts. Duret, in 
the hiftory of his voyage to Lima, informs us, that the 
ancient inhabitants of the ifland of Teneriffe were' tall 
and robufl, but meagre and tawny, and that mod of them 
had flat nofes. Thefe people, we fee, had nothing in com¬ 
mon with the Negroes, except the fiat nofe. 
The natives of Africa, in the fame latitude with thefe 
iflands, are Moors, and very tawny;' but, like the ifland- 
ers, they evidently belong to the race of whites, The in¬ 
habitants of Cape Blanc are Moors, and follow the reli¬ 
gion of Mahomet. Like the Arabs, they wander about 
from place to place, pad u ring their horfes, camels, oxen, 
goats, and fheep. They trade with the Negroes, who 
give them eight or ten Haves, for a horfe, and two or three 
for a camel. It is from thefe Moors that w'e have the 
gum-arabic, which they difl’oive among their milk. They 
feldoin eat flefli, and never kill their cattle but when they 
are about to die of old age or difeafe. 
The Moors are leparated from the Negroes by the river 
Senegal. They are only tawny; and live on the north 
fide of this river ; but the Negroes who inhabit the fouth 
fide of it are abfoiutely black. The Moors lead a paflo- 
ral life, and wander through the country; but the Ne¬ 
groes are fedentary, and dwell in villages. The former 
are free and independent; the-latter are the flaves of ty¬ 
rants, who opprels them. The Moors are lmall, meagre, 
and have a pufillanimous afpecl ; but they are fly and in¬ 
genious. The Negroes, on the contrary, are large, plump, 
and well-made ; but they are Ample and Aupid. In fine, 
the country inhabited by the Moors confids of barren 
lands, where verdure appears only in very few places. 
But the Negro-country is rich, fertile in paflure, and 
produces millet, and trees which are always green, but 
few of them bear fruit fit for food. 
In fome places, both on the north and fouth of the 
river Senegal, there is a fpecies of men called Fouiies, 
who fee.m to form the fliade between the Moors and Ne¬ 
groes, and who are perhaps Mulattoes produced by a mix¬ 
ture of the two nations. Thefe Fouiies are not entirely 
black like the Negroes ; but they are much browner than 
the Moors, and hold the middle rank between the two. 
They are likewife more advanced in civilization than the 
Negroes; they follow the religion of Mahomet, and are 
hofpitable to flrangers. See Foulai-i, vol. vii. 
The Cape-de-Yerd iflands are peopied with Mulattoes, 
fpruna from the Portuguefe who fird fettled there and the 
Negroes whom they found on thefe iflands. They are 
called 
