130 ON THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF TRAINING FRUIT-TREES, 
standard cherries submit to this operation with the best effects. Apples 
and pears are also decapitated successfully especially if the roots be 
sound and in a congenial soil. In the cider countries, re-grafting old 
trees is the business of even the common carpenters ; who with their 
hand-saw, and a knife of a peculiar make to prepare the cleft for the 
reception of the graft, will re-branch a polled tree in a very few 
minutes, receiving payment only for the grafts which take. By this 
method of renewing a tree, the labour of planting a young one, and 
expence of fencing it against cattle for several years, are dispensed 
with; and that it is also a most convenient process for substituting a 
valuable and desirable sort for a worthless or inferior one, is sufficiently 
obvious. 
Upon the whole we may observe, that notwithstanding the great 
advances which have already been made in the management of fruit- 
trees, there may yet be some things which, if known, are not enough 
practised ; or probably, there may be new discoveries yet to be found out. 
Many years ago, it was customary to raise apple-trees from cuttings; 
and we knew a man who used to raise very fine peach-trees from layers. 
These practices are now laid aside, since the great advantages of graft¬ 
ing and budding have been so fully proved, in rendering trees at once 
more dwarfed in habit, and consequently more prolific. 
Connected with this subject, we may mention an improvement of 
one kind of tree by grafting it on another. The jargonelle almost al¬ 
ways grows too luxuriantly when confined as an espalier; but if grafted 
on an autumn bergamot, its luxuriance is checked, and it then becomes 
a moderate grower, and at the same time a plentiful bearer, though the 
fruit are never so large. 
ON THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF TRAINING FRUIT-TREES ROUND 
THE QUARTERS OF KITCHEN-GARDENS. 
{Continued from page 85.) 
In order that the hedge-like appearance of fruit-trees, trained as 
espaliers, might be obviated, and that they might receive every advan¬ 
tage of air and light and refreshing showers, it was deemed an im¬ 
provement to allow each tree a sufficient space on a marginal border 
to assume its natural form of head and irregular disposition of branches, 
with this special proviso, that each tree should always be kept in a 
snug bush-like form, without interfering with each other, or without 
