448 
LANDSCAPE GARDENING, 
and at the same time to give the besieged every facility to annoy the 
besiegers. Thus the art of fortification became a principal part of the 
chieftain’s accomplishments, and fortifications have been formed on the 
strictest mathematical principles, as well for defence as annoyance. 
But very different indeed are the intruders against whom the land¬ 
scape gardener has to oppose defences ; but, notwithstanding, it is per¬ 
fectly true that he must have recourse to the same expedients to repulse 
a drove of cattle, as the military engineer has to repel and defeat a 
hostile phalanx of armed men. He fears no missiles, so that he need 
not study the law of projectiles : but still he must not suffer the inner 
works of his citadel to be invaded, and therefore he substitutes a ha! 
ha I for a moat ; a lawn for a glacis ; and, if threatening deformities 
of broken ground or buildings or nakedness of surface annoy, he covers 
them with his squadrons and detachments of trees. 
In forming his approach, however, he acts upon the tact of a skilful 
general: he does not approach directly in front, nor yet in a direct 
line; he winds covertly round, in order to take the citadel " in flank,” 
and bursts upon it at the very place where he would think of "springing 
a mine.” 
I know not whether any castellated mansions in this country have 
ever had the outworks executed in such a manner as to correspond in 
some degree with the style of the building, but I will venture to assert 
that there are many which would be vastly improved by some disposi¬ 
tions of the kind, and without at all incurring the charge of Uncle- 
Tobyism upon either the owner or his landscape gardener. In fact, it 
is no more ridiculous to impose features of fortification w r hich are really 
useful upon the ground, than towers and battlements upon a habitation 
never intended to be assailed, or, if assailed, could not withstand a 
discharge of "sparrow-shot !” 
A castellated mansion upon a naked lawn, without any breast-work 
of turf or shrubs, is unnatural; it is like the figure of a warrior without 
either shield or weapon; and, even as a residence or habitation, it gives 
no idea of security from its station, nor idea of comfort from its stark¬ 
nakedness. A terraced base to a castle, as has already been observed 
in a former letter, is as necessary an appendage as are embattled para¬ 
pets upon its walls. 
The style of gardens best adapted for colleges or universities is cer¬ 
tainly the Dutch style—that is, composed of avenues, level carpets of 
turf, and wide gravel walks. Meditation and study are interrupted 
by the view of various and varied objects, quick transitions, or change 
of scene. Such gardens accord well with the massive character of the 
buildings, and their regular compartments correspond with the regu- 
