14 
THE LANGUAGES OF BORNEO. 
Pulopetak, Mantangai, Kapuas, and Kahaian tribes. The 
more mixed Sihongs and Patai partly belong to the same 
group. The term “ Olo Ngadju ” is used in opposition to 
that of “Olo Qt” for the tribes to the north and north-east, 
the Katingan and Sampit on the west, and the Olo Masi or 
Malays in the south and south-east. 
The principal dialects of the Ngadju are the Pulopetak, 
Mangkatip, Mantangai and Kahaian. Hardeland trans¬ 
lated the Bible into the Pulopetak, and the Dictionary is 
mainly in this dialect. 
The Mangkatip is spoken on the river of the same name, 
joining the Pulopetak to the Dusun, and is also spoken on 
the Dusun. It has more Malay words than Pulopetak. It 
substitutes a simple consonant for a compound as, e. g., 
daton, not; tunjak, finger; mangah , breathless; kahanak, 
the will; mimul , to plant; for the Pulopetak djaton, tundjuk, 
manggah , kahandak and mimbul. It substitutes l for r as 
in tear, money; larang or lalang, costly; Pulopetak rear, 
rarang * The pronunciation is softer and lighter than the 
Pulopetak. 
The Mantangai is spoken in the district about the lower 
course of the Kapuas Biver. It has some words different 
from the Pulopetak, as, e. g., amai, father; in'd , mother; 
bueng , man ; nambi , woman ; for Pulopetak apang , indu, 
hatuci, bawi. There is also a fondness for the metathesis 
of syllables or of the initial consonants of a word, as, 
dahangan, buffalo; dahari, to run; njahulo, short time; 
nahalem, deep; for Pulopetak hadangan, hadari , lianjulo , 
handalem . The e of Pulopetak is also changed to i; hitoh, 
here; idan , bough; for Pulopetak hetoh , edan. The 
pronunciation is in other respects similar to Pulopetak, but 
with a stronger stress on the last word of a sentence. 
The Kahaian is spoken about the river of the same 
name, west and north-west of Pulopetak. It has fewer 
words differing from the Pulopetak than the Mantangai. 
For example, of the four words given above, the Kahaian 
has only the word indang , mother, different. It has l for r 
more rarely than the Mangkatip (as e. g. alut for amt, boat), 
but where r is retained it is harsher than the Pulopetak r. 
The Pulopetak g becomes k in Kahaian, dj becomes tj. B 
is very soft and often pronounced as w, k is usually 
preceded by ng. Examples are : kawi, work ; tjaton not; 
wawilem, black; ivahandang , red ; bangku, stupid ; bung- 
* In these and the following examples the spelling is that of the original 
German orthography, and nj = ny, dj = j, ndj = nj. 
