THE GARDENERS’ AND NATURALISTS’ CALENDAR FOR AUGUST. 
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for this purpose than the Red Warrington. I have kept 
it on a north wall, in a good state of preservation, until 
November. These trees had a frame-work of wood at 
the sides and top, which projected from the wall about 
eight inches; to this frame-work coarse canvas was 
nailed, both to preserve the fruit from wet, and to prevent 
the ingress of birds, wasps, and flies. Currants may he 
preserved in the same manner, hut if kept long after 
they are thoroughly ripe, they become very acid. 
Raspberry .—The canes that have just done bearing, 
may now he cut away, as well as the weak shoots of 
the current year, leaving only four or five strong canes 
if they are in stools ; these shoots must he securely 
fastened to stakes. The canes of autumn hearing varieties 
must also he seemed to stakes as they grow. 
Strawberry .—No longer delay making new planta¬ 
tions, if fruit is required from them next year ; if, how¬ 
ever, it is inconvenient to do so immediately, and a crop 
is not regarded, the plants may he bedded out any time 
during the autumn, and then be transplanted to their 
permanent situation in the spring. Plants that have 
been forced in the spring, if now planted in the 
open ground w r ill produce excellent crops next year. 
These plants will probably show flower in the autumn, 
hut that should he cut off, as allow T ing them to remain to 
produce fruit would weaken the plants. Advanced as 
the science of gardening now is, I think it is scarcely 
necessary to caution my readers against cutting the 
leaves from the plant, as was formerly the general 
practice. H. C. 0. 
KITCHEN GARDEN. 
Presuming that the principal breadth of Savoys, Brus¬ 
sels sprouts, Brocoli, Scotch and other Kales for autumn 
and winter use are completed, attention should he given 
to the spaces occupied with early Cauliflowers, Peas, 
and Beans, and as they are cleared of their crops, clear 
away the haulm, and prepare the ground for Coleworts, 
Spring Brocoli, or late crops of Celery, all of which will 
be found exceedingly useful, and should he planted as 
soon as possible. 
Fork the ground between growing crops, and earth ‘ 
up as they advance in growth. The early crops of 
Celery should he examined before earthing up, and if 
they are infested by slugs, a sowing of lime or soot 
would remove the intruders. Sowings in the first week 
should he made of Wheeler’s Imperial Cabbage, and a 
good piece of Prickly Spinach, to stand the winter. 
Strasburgh and Welch Onions, the former to transplant 
in the spring, and the latter for use in salads. Early 
Horn Carrots on a south border. Radishes, sown twice 
this month, in a similar situation, will give an autumnal 
supply. Small salads as noticed in former Calendars. 
Cauliflowers in some situations should he sown 
earlier than in others; this is of the greatest import¬ 
ance. I have found a fortnight’s difference in localities 
not more than 200 miles distant from each other, and 
would therefore recommend two sowings, the first to he 
made from the 6th to the 12th, the other from the 20th 
to the 26th. Endive and Lettuce should he transplanted 
periodically for succession. Herbs gathered that were 
not fit last month. Tomatoes, Gourds, &c., looked over, 
and all* superfluous shoots removed. Prepare a piece of 
ground, by deep trenching and copious manuring, for 
Spring Cabbage, and keep it forked over regularly until 
the plants are ready to plant out. In some situations 
Onions will he ready to harvest; attend to them in 
time, and take care they are thoroughly matured and 
dry before they are stored away. Shallots and Garlic 
must also he attended to. Sow all spare ground with 
Turnips. 
Clean walks, weed edgings, and have an eye to 
everything that will add to the neat appearance of the 
Kitchen Garden generally. J\ C. S. 
WILD FLOWERS OF AUGUST. 
There is considerable occupation for the botanist in 
this month, as later specimens of the July plants are 
still abundantly met with, while the effect of the long 
period of summer heat, which has now passed over, 
shows itself in the maturation of the fruits of families 
in which the characters derived from them are of the 
highest importance, particularly the Umbelliferae and 
Compositae. 
The less showy of Flora’s subjects, the weeds, par 
excellence , such as the Docks ( Ricmex ), the Atriplices 
and Goose-foots ( Clienopodium ), should now he sought 
after and carefully examined. Much confusion still 
exists respecting their distinctive characters, which 
depend chiefly on the condition of the enlarged perigone 
enveloping the ripe fruits; therefore, fully developed 
specimens, with their lower leaves and roots attached, 
should he selected for preservation. 
With regard to botanizing, generally, in this month, 
it may he said that the later flowers will mostly be 
found in their prime dining this month, while there are 
few to be marked as especially distinctive. Spiranthes 
autumnalis, the beautiful little Orchid, called, from its 
peculiar spiral arrangement of the flowers, “Ladies’ 
Tresses,” may be noted as belonging to August and 
September ; also most of the Gentians, as Pneumonanthe , 
amarella , campestris , and on the mountains G. nivalis. 
On the sea-shore will be met with the various Glass- 
worts, Salicornia and Salsola , the ashes of which con¬ 
tain such abundance of soda ; also the autumnal Squill 
{Scilia cmtumalis). The Ferns are now mostly to be 
found in fructification. A. H. 
ANIMAL KINGDOM. 
Ornithology. —August may be considered in the 
light of a holiday to many birds, and, as such, is of 
great advantage to those that are migratory ; the busi¬ 
ness of incubation, with a few exceptions, is nearly if 
not quite over, and food being plentiful it enables the 
old birds to recruit, and the young to acquire strength, 
previous to the commencement of that long journey 
which, at stated periods, they are destined to perform. 
At this time they lose a great portion of their shy¬ 
ness, and become constant visitors to our gardens, 
where young and old may be seen actively engaged in 
the capture of insects, varying their repast with an oc¬ 
casional taste of any of the smaller kinds of fruit that 
may still remain upon the trees. They are very in¬ 
teresting now and afford much amusement by the 
activity they display in the capture of their insect prey; 
the young are easily distinguished from the old by their 
more clamorous notes, and the difference some of 
them exhibit in their plumage. This is very conspicu¬ 
ous amongst the Willow Wrens ( Sylvia ), the young of 
which are far more gay in their colours than the old, 
the shades of yellow and green are very beautiful, 
which, added to their graceful form, render them objects 
of great attaction. Those that possess a garden of any 
extent, have no occasion to ramble to the woods at this 
season in search of objects worthy their notice, for they 
will see around them a host of little beings attracted 
together by the same cause—a plentiful supply of food ; 
and who, in a few days, will be winging their way to 
far distant climes, as yet unknown to the greater por¬ 
tion of them. How strong must the impulse for migra¬ 
tion be implanted in them, more particularly in the 
young, who, as yet, know of no other land but that of 
their birth, urging them onward over the ocean’s track¬ 
less path and the deserts burning sands, encountering 
death in a thousand forms—for there can be no doubt 
but a vast number perish annually in these migrations. 
The first to leave us are the Swifts ( Cypselus apus ), 
which are generally all gone by the 20th ; but, in 1847, 
I saw two as late as the third of September ; they make 
but a short stay with us, and are far on their journey 
