20 
117 Leaves densely soft-hairy beneath. Branchlete hairy. 
Northern X. E.— Downy Green Alder, Ainus mollis 
Fernald. 
117 Leaves somewhat hairy or rusty beneath, dark green 
above, with impressed veins—Speckled Alder, Hoary 
Alder, Alnus incana (L.) Muench. 
118 Leaves sticky. Margins coarsely toothed. Cult, and 
escaped—European Black Alder, Alnus vulgaris Hill. 
118 Leaves not sticky. Margins with very small teeth— 
Smooth Alder, Alnus rugosa (Du Hoi) Spreng. 
Beech— Leaves simple, alternate. Bark light gray, without 
any suggestion of furrows or ridges. 
119 Leaves deeply cut into slender divisions. Cult.—Fern- 
leaved Beech, Fagus sylvcdica var. hetcrophlla Load. 
119 leaves not deeply cut—120 
120 Leaves purple, red, or even darker. Cult.—Purple-leaved 
Beech, Fagus sylvalica var. purpurea Ait. 
120 Leaves green—i 21 
121 Side veins 9 to 14 pairs, each vein ending in a distinct 
marginal tooth. Leaves 2 % to 5 inches long, width about 
half the length—American Beech, Beech, Red Beech, White 
Beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 
Note: —The American Beech normally has yellowish or gray¬ 
ish fruit with elongated prickles, while the variety carolini- 
ana, from New Jersey southward, has a dull red fruit and 
short prickles. 
121 Side veins 5 to 9 pairs, each vein ending either in or between 
small teeth, the latter often entirely absent and the mar¬ 
gin merely wavy. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, width % the 
length. Cult.—European Beech, Fagus sglvatica L. 
Note: —The Weeping Beech is a variety of the European 
Beech with drooping or pendulous branches. 
Chestnut— Leaves long, with a bristly tooth at the tip of each 
side vein. Fruit a bur, 2 inches or more thick, usually 
containing 1 to 3 pointed nuts. 
