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32 Leaves pointed at both ends. Fruit a nut (acorn) with its 
base set in a woody cup composed of closely overlapping 
small scales— Oak, 123 
33 Margin with no deep indentations (i. e. not more than 
of the distance to the midrib)—34 
33 Margin indented half way or more to the midrib, often 
almost to the base (i. e. lobed or divided)—36 
34 Margin wavy, with no distinct teeth nor bristle-tipped 
lobes, larger indentations of the margin not exceeding 
of the distance to the midrib—35 
34 Margin with distinct teeth or small notches, or with a few 
bristle-tipped lobes or angles—37 
35 Base of blade unsymmetrical—Witch Hazel, Ilamamelis 
Virginiana L. 
35 Base of blade nearly or quite symmetrical. Buds short, not 
^ inch long. Bark not smooth and gray—Oak, 123 
35 Base of blade nearly or quite symmetrical. Buds % inch 
or more long, sharp pointed. Bark smooth and gray 
even on old trunks—Beech, 116 
36 Margin both deeply cut (or indented) and toothed—59 
36 Margin deeply notched or indented, but not toothed—57 
37 Leaves thick, evergreen, with stiff and spiny teeth. 
Southern N. E.—Holly, American Holly, White Holly, 
Ilex opaca Ait. 
37 Leaves thin—38 
38 Leaves opposite or seemingly so—39 
38 Leaves alternate—40 
39 Branches without thorns or spines, side veins of blade not 
curving into the apex—Arrow-wood, 195 
39 Branches commonly with a few spines or thorns, side veins 
of blade curving well up into the apex. Cult, and escaped 
—Buckthorn, Hhamnus cathartica L. 
40 Branches with thorns—41 
40 Branches without thorns—42 
41 Thorns on the side of leafy branches—Thorn, 147 
41 Thorns commonly formed by the pointed ends of branches. 
Fruit usually with 5 thin-walled seed compartments— 
Apple, Pear (in semi-wild state)—145 
