FOR YOUNG GARDENERS. 
15 
be done. On sod or heavy land a disc, wheel or spading 
harrow should be used to be followed with a smoothing 
harrow. The harrow is the best thing to kill small weeds. 
Some kinds can be used after the crops are planted and 
until they are three or four inches high. It should gener¬ 
ally follow the roller to break the capillary attraction and 
save moisture. 
Hand and Horse Cuetivators, act as harrows. 
After the crops are three or four inches high, the cultiva¬ 
tors should be used. These are made in many styles to 
cultivate the crops between the rows. As with plows, we 
have both walking and sulky cultivators. The latter 
kind are best in the west and on large farms. The teeth 
should not be too large, and the cultivator, for the best 
results should not go deeper than three inches in summer. 
This keeps a soil mulch over the surface at all times, sav¬ 
ing the moisture, and allows the crop to send the roots 
through the middle of the rows without the danger of being 
broken off as would be the case with deeper tillage. 
Cultivation at first may be deep, but later should be shallow. 
The Planner, is used where a smooth surface is 
wanted. It breaks up the lumps and leaves the surface 
smooth without firming it much. 
The Roller, to do good work should not be smaller 
than two feet in diameter, and should have a weight of one 
hundred pounds to the foot in length. It should be used 
when seed is sown broadcast for the same reason that we 
press the soil over seed planted in the garden. It is also 
useful where a green crop has been turned under, to re¬ 
store capillary attraction with the soil below. It should 
generally be followed with a light harrow, to prevent the 
surface baking and loss of water. 
These are the commonest tools used in tillage aside 
from the hoe, rake, line and weeder used in every garden. 
Most of the tools are used to loosen the soil and to remove 
weeds. 
In the small garden the hoe or rake, should be used 
i \ 
at least once a week to make a soil mulch between the 
