ABIES 
EXCELSA. 
Identification. PINUS ABIES, Linnaeus, Flor. Lappon., p. 347(1737); Flor. Suec., p. 789 (1745); Spec. Plant., p. 1421 (1763); Willdenow, 
Baumz, p. 221 (1796); Lambert, GenusPinus, ed. 1, p. 37 (1803); Wahlenberg, Flor. Lappon., p. 256 (1812); Flor. Carpat., 
p. 312 (1814); Flor. Suec., p. 630 (1824); Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed. 2, i. p. 59 (1828); Gaudin, Flor. Helvet., vi. p. 191 
(1828); Koch, Synops. Flor. Germ., p. 769 (1837); Antoine, Conif., p. 90 (1840-46). 
PINUS PICE A, Du Roi, Observ. Bot., p. 37 (1774); Endlicher, Syn. Conif., p. 116 (1847); Lawson, A bietinece, p. 16 (1851). 
PINUS EXCELSA, De la March, Flor. Franc., ed. 1, ii. p. 202 (1793). 
ABIES PICEA, Miller, Diet., No. 3 (1731); Desfontaines, Hort ., Paris, ed. 3 (1829); Spach, Hist. Nat. VCg. Phaner., xi. p. 
405 (1842); De Chambray, TraiM Prat. Arb. Res. Conif. , p. 118 (1845). 
PINUS CINEREA, Rohling, Deutschl. Flor., p. 376 (1796). 
ABIES EXCELSA, De Candolle, Flor. Franc., iii. p. 275 (1805); Loisel, Nouv. Duham., v. p. 289 (1801-19); Desfontaines, 
Hist. Arb., p. 580 (1809); Richard, Conif, p. 69 (1826); Loudon, Arboretum, iv. p. 2293 (1838); Loudon, Encycl. of 
Trees, p. 1026 (1842); Forbes, Pinet. Woburn., p. 87 (1839); Schouw, in Annal. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iii. p. 239 (1845) > Lindley 
and Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc., v. p. 212 (1850); Knight, Syn. Conif, p. 36 (1850); Gordon, Pinetum, p. 3 (1858), and 
Supplement, p. 1 (1862); Henkel and Hochstetter, Synop. d. Nadelliolzer, p. 194 (1865). 
PICEA VULGARIS, Link, in Abhaiidl. der Berl. Acad. (1827), p. 180. 
PICEA EXCELSA, Link, in Linncea, xv. p. 517 (1841); Carriere, TraiU GSn. des Conif, p. 245 (1855); Orsted, Frilands- 
Trcevexten i. Damn., p. 37 (1864). 
We take the synonymy of most of the following antient authors and colloquial names on trust from Endlicher :— 
ANTIENT NAMES.—’EAA'TH £ H ©HAEI'A, Theophrastus, Hist. Plant, iii. p. 10. Picea, Plinius, Hist. Nat., xvi. p. 10; 
Matthiol. Valeris, p. 107; Clusius, Hist., pi. 33. Abies, Dodonceus Pempt, p. 863. Picea 
Latinorum S., ’EAA'TH ’A’P'PHT, J. Bauhin, Hist., i. pp. 2, 238. Picea major prima sive 
Abies Rubra, C. Bauhin, Pin., p. 493. Abies tenuiore folio fructu deorsum inflexo, Tourne- 
fort, Instit., p. 558. Pinus foliis subulatis mucronatis l/kvibus, bifarium versis, Gerard, Flora 
Gallo-provincialis (1761). 
COLLOQUIAL NAMES.— English — Fir, Spruce Fir, Common Spruce, Norway Spruce. French — Pesse, Epicia, Pinesse, 
Serente. Germa 7 i — Rothtanne, Schwartztanne, Fichte, Feuchtanne, Pechbaum, Granbaum, 
Kienbaum Kiefer. Dutch — Denneboom. Swedish — Eran. Slavonian — Smrek. Hungarian 
-SzEMERKE FeNNYO, KeRESZTES FeNNYO. 
Var. Carpati-iica, Loudon, Arboretum, iv. p. 2294, etplerumque autorum subsequent, supra citat. 
Var. nigra, Loudon, Arboretum, iv. p. 2294, et plerumque autorum subsequent, supra citat. 
Var. Clanbrasiliana, Loudon Arboretum, iv. p. 2294, et plerumque autorum subsequent, supra citat. 
Engravings. — Leaves, Cones, &c— Clusius, Hist., pi. 33; Nov. Act. Act. N. Cur., p. 3, appx., t. 14, figs. 5, 10, and t. 16, figs. 1-10; Paulli, Flor. 
Danica, t. 193; Pallas, FI. Ross., p. 1, t. 1, fig. G; Wood, Med. Bot., t. 208; Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed. 1, i. t. 25, ed. 2, i. 
t. 35 ; Loisel, Nouv. Duham., t. 80; Kennion’s Essay on Trees, pi. 48, fig. 46; Antoine (op. cit.), t. 35, fig. 2; De Chambray 
(op. cit), pi. 1, figs. 4, 5; Richard (op. cit), t. 15 ; Loudon, Arboretum, iv. figs. 2212, 2213, viii. pis. 336, 337, 338 ; Loudon, 
Encycl. of Trees, figs. 1922, 1923 ; Forbes (op. cit), fig. 87 ; et multis aliis. 
Var. nigra, Loudon, Arboretum, iv. fig. 2213, viii. pi. 338 a. 
Var. Clanbrasiliana, Lodd. Cat., Loudon, Arboretum, fig. 2294. 
Trees. —Loudon, Arboretum, iv. figs. 2214-2223, viii. pis. 336, 337, 338. 
Specific Character .—Abies foliis tetragonis stomatum lineis utraque parte et supra et subtus circa 
quatuor, strobilis cylindricis nutantibus, squamis pergamineis rhombeis apice truncato excisis. 
Habitat in Europa boreali. 
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A 
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