CEDRUS LIBANI 
Identification.—PN 2 Sam. v. 11, and 2 Chron. ii. 8 , et seq. 
CEDRUS MAGNA s. CEDRELATE, Plinius, Hist. Nat., xiii. cap. 11, xxiv. cap. 11 (ed. princeps, 1469). 
KeSpos Qavpaar) ev Xvpla, Theophr. Hist., v. cap. 8 (1513). 
ALTA CEDRUS, Belon, Conif., p. 3 (1553). 
CEDRUS, Belon, Conif., p. 162 (1553)> Trew in Nov. Act Phys. Med. Acad. Cczsar. Leop. Carol. Norimbergicz, vol. i. pp. 
4 ° 9-437 ( I 757 )> & vol. EL, App., p. 445 (1767); Trew, Cedrorum Libani Hist. (1756 and 1767). 
CEDRUS PHCENICEA, Reneaulm. Specim., p. 27 (1611). 
CEDRUS MAGNA SIVE LIBANI CONIFERA, J. Bauhin, Hist., i. p. 277 (1650). 
CEDRUS CONIFERI FOLIIS LARICIS, C. Bauhin, Pinax, p. 490(1671). 
LARIX ORIENTALIS FRUCTU ROTUNDIORE OBTUSO, Tournef., Instit., p. 586(1700). 
CEDRUS LIBANI, Barrelier, Ic., p. 499 (1714) ; Loudon, Arboret. Brit., iv. p. 2402 (1838); Forbes, Pinet. Woburn., p. 145 
( j 839) ; Loudon, Encycl. of Trees, p. 1056 (1842) ; Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. Phaner., xi. p. 427 (1842) ; Link, Abiet. Hort. 
Reg. Bot. Berol, in Linncza, xv. p. 538 (1841) ; De Chambr., Trait. Prat, des Arbres Resin., p. 308 (1845); Loiseleur 
Deslongchamps, Hist, du Cedre du Liban. in Ann. Agr. Franc., 3rd Ser., xix. p. 358 (1837), and xx. p. 65 (1837) ; Knight, 
Syn. Conif, p. 42 (1850) ; Robinson’s Biblical Researches, iii. p. 598 (1855) ; Carriere, TraiU des Conif., p. 283 (1855); 
Gordon, Pinetwn, p. 43 (1858); Hooker in Nat. Hist. Rev., p. 1 (1862); Balfour, Plants of the Bible, p. 7 (1857); Dunn, 
Nat. Hist, of the Bible (1865) ; Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 624 (1865) ; Henkel and Hochstetter, Synops. d. Nadelholzer, 
p. 144 (1865); Veitch, Mamial of Conferee, p. 137 (1881). 
LARIX CEDRUS, Miller, Did., No. 3 (1724); Desfontaine, Hist. Arbr., ii. p. 597 (1809). 
PINUS CEDRUS, Linn., Spec., p. 1420 (1774); Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed. 1, i. p. 58 (1803), ed. 2, ii. p. 89 (1828); Antoine, 
Conif., p. 55 (1840-46); Endlicher, Syn. Conif., p. 136 (1847); Parlatore in D. C. Prod., xvi. 2, p. 407 (1868). 
ABIES CEDRUS, Poiret, Did., vi. p. 510 (1804); Loiseleur, Nouv. Duhamel., v. p. 287 (1801-1819) ; Richard, Conif., p. 62 
(1826) ; Lindley in Pe 7 iny Cyclopaedia, i. p. 33 (1833) ; Lindley and Gordon, fourn. Hort. Soc., v. p. 214 (1850). 
LARIX PATULA, Salisbury in Linn. Trans., viii. p. 314 (1837). 
CEDRUS PATULA, Koch, Dendrologie, vol. ii. p. 268 (1873). 
Engravings —Cones and Leaves.— Belon, op. cit; Trew, op. cit., 1756, t. 8 et 9, and 1767, t. 13, f. 1-7 ; Loiseleur Deslongchamps, op. cit.; Loudon, 
Arboretum, loc. cit., iv. f. 2267, and viii. pi. 396 and 399; Loudon, Encycl., loc. cit., fig. 1974; Lambert, Genus Pimis, 
ed. 1, loc. cit., t. 37, ed. 2, loc. cit., t. 51 ; Antoine, Conif., loc. cit., t. 22, fig. 1 ; Richard, op. cit., t. 14 et 17. 
Trees. —Belon, op. cit., pp. 360 and 370; Kennyon’s Essay on Trees, p. xlv. (1815); Strutt’s Sylva Britannica (1826); Loiseleur 
Deslongchamps, op. cit.; Loudon, Arboretztm, iv. loc. cit., pp. 2404-2425, figs. 2268-2282, and viii. pi. 396-400; Balfour, 
loc. cit. ; Dunn, loc. cit., cum multis aliis. 
Specific Character .—Cedrus saepius habitu tabulaeformi, ramulis patulis, strobilis apice umbilicatis 
seminum alis basi abrupte truncatim expansis. Habitat in Syriae, Libani, Amanae, Tauri montibus. 
Description. —A large wide-spreading tree, of from 50 to 80 feet in height, subject to much variation 
in habit, but normally with the branches tabularly disposed. 
brown. The branchlets 
are disposed in a flat, fan-like manner, and thickly covered with tufts of stiff leaves (fig. 1). Their colour 
varies in different individuals, specimens of all shades occurring from yellowish to dark and bluish green, 
very generally with a glaucous tinge. The leaves remain two years on the branch. The number of leaves 
in a full-sized tuft is about 30, but fewer in smaller tufts. clustered in whorls, and there is no 
doubt that the tufted whorls are merely the leaves belonging to a bud or shoot whose growth is arrested, 
and which, had it been produced, would have been disposed singly, as we see in the young terminal 
branches whose growth is not arrested ; or, as Loudon expresses it, the buds from which spring 
have the appearance of abortive shoots, which, instead of becoming branches, only produce a tuft of 
leaves pressed closely together in a kind of whorl. These buds continue for several years in succession 
to produce every spring a fresh tuft of leaves placed within those of the preceding year; and thus each bud 
may 
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