P H A 
P H A 
49 
Hemfted. It flowers from June to Auguft. It is repre- 
fented on the annexed Plate, at fig. i. 
9. Phalaris afpera, or rough Canary-grafs: panicle 
awnlefs, cylindrical, fpike-form 5 calycine glumes keeled, 
gibbous at top; corolla two-valved, fmooth. Root an¬ 
nual, fibrous. Culms a fpan high, upright, branched and 
Iheathing at the bafe. Leaves narrow, naked, (liort. Pa¬ 
nicle the thicknefs of a goofe-quill, from one to four 
inches in length. Calyx obcordate, pale-green, hard j 
glumes equal, ventricofe above, terminated by a dagger- 
point, flightly keeled. Native of feveral parts of Europe, 
as France, Italy, Sicily. In England on Gogmagog hills, 
Newmarket-heath, and near Bourn-bridge, in Cambridge- 
fhire 5 on the wall of Rofe-lane, Oxford, obferved there 
by Dr. John Sibthorp; in the meadows below King’s 
Wefton, near Briftol. 
10. Phalaris utriculata, or bladdery Canary-grafs : 
panicle ovate, fpike-form ; calycine glumes boat-lhaped, 
dilated at the back; awn longer than the glumes. Root 
annual, fibrous. Culms feveral, a foot high or more, 
round, fmooth, upright, commonly Ample, marked with 
paler lines vifible with a glafs, more or lefs refracted at 
the joints, which are from one to three, and tinged with 
red. Leaves two lines wide, two or three inches long, 
fmooth ; with long fmooth (heaths : the upper leaf has an 
inflated (heath, from which the upper part of the culm 
iffues. Diftinguifhed from all the other fpecies by hav¬ 
ing the (heath of the upper leaf widened and fwelling 
like a fpathe. Native of Italy, where it is annually fown 
in meadows about Pavia and Milan for cattle. It flowers 
there in May, and is called maszuchello. Dr. Smith 
found it as common in the gardens and walte-ground 
about Rome as Poa annua with us, flowering iit April. It 
was introduced in 1777, by Monf. Thouin ; and flowers 
here from June to Auguft. 
11. Phalaris paradoxa, or briftly-fpiked Canary-grafs: 
panicle awnlefs, oblong, fpike-form; calycine glumes 
boat-ftiaped, one-toothed 5 corolla two-valved, fmooth 5 
lowed florets end-bitten. Root annual, fibrous. Culms 
a foot high, feveral, upright, decumbent before flowering¬ 
time. Stem and leaves even, not pubefcent. The lower 
half of the fpike has the barren florets as it were pras- 
morfe, whence it feems as if gnawed off by infedts. 
Native of the Levant and Barbary. Forlkahl lent home 
feeds of it in 1762. It was introduced here in 1771, by 
Monf. Richard ; and flowers in June and July. 
iz. Phalaris hifpida, or hairy-calyxed Canary-grafs: 
fpikes digitate; glumes rugged; leaves ovate. Culms ca¬ 
pillary, decumbent, eredfat top, jointed, fmooth, branched, 
a foot high. Native of Japan. Willdenow remarks, that 
it is fcarcely of this genus. 
13. Phalaris arundinacea. See Arundo colorata, 
vol. ii. 
Propagation and Culture. Sow the feeds thin in drills 
made a foot afunder; when the plants come up, thin 
them where they are too clofe, foas to leavethem at near 
two inches diftance in the rows. Hoe the ground three 
times in the intervals to deftroy the weeds. Three gal¬ 
lons of feed is fufficient to fovv an acre ; and, if the feed 
be fown by a hopper, the fpring of which is properly fet; 
to let it out at equal diftances, this will be the belt me¬ 
thod of cultivating Canary-grafs. The cultivation of this 
grafs is chiefly confined to the ifle of Thanet, where it is 
efteemed a profitable crop; and may be fo, where there 
is water-carriage to London, for there is the principal de¬ 
mand for it. As this feed is a flow grower, it is liable to 
be overrun with weeds, for which reafon itfliould be fown 
after clover on a gentle clay; but on Itrong foils a fallow 
is the bell tilth. It is»in general a valuable crop ; and 
the chaff produces better and a greater quantity of horfe- 
meat than any other. The feed (hould be fown at the 
end of February or beginning of March, in furrows 
twenty to the rod, and fix gallons of feed to the acre. 
The land rauft be dunged with fifty or fixty cart-loads on 
Vol. XX. No. 1350. 
an acre. See Agrostis, Aira, Arundo, Briza, Cen- 
chrus, Crvpsis, Cynosurus, Leersia, and Panicum. 
PHALEM PIN, a town of France, in the department 
of the North : nine miles Couth-weft of Lille. 
PHAL'ERA, J\ A collar which was worn by the Ro¬ 
mans as a mark of diftindtion. It was different from the 
torques ; the latter being round, and clofe to the neck, and 
of malfive gold ; whereas the former was flat, hung upon 
the bread, and was merely adorned with a few gold nobs. 
The phalera was indifcrimmately given to all officers who 
had diftinguifhed themfelves in adtion. According to 
Perfius, phalera alfo fignified the trappings and orna¬ 
ments of a horfe. 
PHAL'ERUM, in ancient geography, the molt ancient 
port of Athens, which, being found narrow and inconve¬ 
nient, was fucceeded by the more capacious harbour of 
Piraeus, conftructed by Themiftocles. Phalerum was 
diftant from the city, according to Thucidydes, 35ftadia, 
but, according to Paufanias, only 20. It was from this 
port that Mneftheus, an ancient king of Athens, took his 
departure with a fquadron for the fiege of Troy. The- 
feus likewife went from thence to Crete, to combat the 
Minotaur. Near this port was a temple of Ceres, a term- 
pie of Minerva Scirada, fo called after Sciras, one of the 
prophefeffes of Dodona, a temple of Jupiter, fome altars 
to unknown gods, different altars to feveral heroes, fuch 
as the children of Thefeus and thole of Phalereus, from 
whom this port derived its name, and who was ranked 
among the Argonauts, (fee Demetrius Phalereus, vol. 
v.) and an altar to Androgeus, with this brief inlcription, 
“ To the Hero.” Here Demofthenes was wont to de¬ 
claim, to accuftom his voice to furmount the noife and 
roaring of thefea; a juft and lively emblem of popular 
affemblies. 
PHALEU'CUS, or Phal^cius,/ A kind of verfe, in. - 
ufe among the Greeks and Latins; confiding, like the 
Sapphic, of five feet; the firft a fpondee, the fecond a dac¬ 
tyl, and the three laft trochees. The phaleucus is very 
proper for epigrams. Catullus excelled in it. Its origi¬ 
nal author is not known ; though fome have faid it de¬ 
rives its name from its inventor. 
PHAL'LO-BOLE'TUS, f. in botany. See Phallus. 
PHAL'LUS, f. [Greek.] The emblem of fecundity 
among the Egyptians. It was very fervently worlhipped 
by the women, efpecially by thofe who were barren. This 
cuftom was followed by the Greeks, and feftivals in ho¬ 
nour of it were introduced. Among the Hindoos a fimi- 
lar emblem called lingam is ufed, and for fimilar purpofes. 
See Hindoostan, vol. x. p. 120. 
PHAL'LUS,/. the Morel ; a genus of fungi, w'hofe 
whimfical conformation bears too ftriking a relemblance 
to the Greek ipaAAos, to be overlooked or diffembled. 
Effential generic character—Fungus even on the under 
furface; a network of cells on the upper furface; feeds 
in the cells. There are feven fpecies. 
1. Phallus efculentus, or efculent morel: pileus, or 
cap, ovate cellular ; ftipe, or ftem, naked wrinkled. Stem 
hollow, naked, white, one or two inches high, from half 
an inch to an inch in diameter. Cap entirely united to 
the ftem, from the fize of a pigeon’s to that of a fwan’s 
egg ; with very large cells, angular like a honeycomb : the 
colour of the cap is pale yellow or buff When young, but 
becomes brown when old. There is a variety which is 
fmall and black, found on the fandy heaths of Norfolk. 
Mr. Sowerby gathered plenty oT the blackilh morels at 
Newington in Surrey, on an old garden ground among 
fugar-baker’s rubbifli. The morel is commonly found in 
woods, under hedges, and among buflies, in a loamy foils 
and fprings up in April or May. It has an agreeable 
fmell. It is common in many parts of the continent: in 
Britain it has been obferved at Moor-Barns, Trumping- 
ton, Triplow, &c. in Magdalen-college walks, Heading- 
ton-Wick coppice, and Shotover plantations. Mr. Jacob 
Rayer found fome buff-coloured fpecimens on a bank in 
O Kent. 
