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52 
PHA'RAOH, /. A game at cards. See Faro, vol. vi. 
PHARAS'TIA, in ancient geography, a town of Afia, 
in the interior of Media, between Phafaba and Curia, ac¬ 
cording to Ptolemy. 
PHARA'THA, a town which was fituated in the inte¬ 
rior of Arabia Felix. 
PHARATHOU', or Pharatus, a town of Paledine, 
in the tribe of Ephraim. 
PHARAZA'NA, a town placed by Ptolemy in Dran- 
giana. 
PKARBZE'THUS, a town of Egypt, and capital of the 
Pliarbaeithes nome. 
PHARE. See Pharos. 
PHA'REZ, a man’s name; the fon of Judah and 
Tamar; (Gen. xxxviii. 27, 28, &c.) Tamar, being juft 
ready to lie in, found herfelf with child of twins. 
One of them appeared fird, and, putting his arm out, 
the midwife tied a fcarlet thread upon his wrid, to 
didin'guifh him for the fird-born : but, having withdrawn 
his hand, his brother got before him into the world ; 
whereupon he was called by his mother Pharcz, i. e. 
“ one breaking forth ;” as the other with the thread on 
his hand was called Zarah, i. e. “ brightnefs,” perhaps 
from the fcarlet thread. The fons of Pharez were Hezron 
and Hamul ; (Numb. xxvi. 20, 21.) Calmet explains the 
text as if Pharez, and not Zarah, had put out his hand, 
and drew it in again; but the text is clear enough. 
PHAR'GA, a town of Arabia Deferta, near the Eu¬ 
phrates. 
PHA'RICUM,/’. [from Pharos, whence it came.] The 
name of a famous poifon among the ancients: it was laid 
to be compofed of many ingredients, but we know nothing 
of it at this time. 
PHARI'GIUM, in ancient geography, a promontory 
of Greece, in the Phocide, between Marathon and the 
foot of Mychus. 
PHA'RIS, a fmall town of the Peloponnefus, in Laco¬ 
nia, according to Paufanias, who fays that it was fituated 
near the river Phellia, on the route from Amyclaea to 
mount Taygetes. From his time its ruins only have 
been feen. 
PHARISA'IC, or Pharisaical, adj. Ritual; exter¬ 
nally religious, from the feft: of the Pharifees, whofe re¬ 
ligion confided almoft wholly in ceremonies.—The caufes 
of fuperdition are plealing and fenfual rites, excefs of 
outward and phanfaical holinefs, over-great reverence of 
traditions, which cannot but load the church. Bacon .— 
Cynical clouds, and phyrifaick frowns. Bp. Taylor's Artif. 
Handfoni. —Suffer us not to be deluded with phanfaical 
wafhings indead of Chridian reformers. King Charles. 
PHARISA'ICALLY, adj. With odentation in reli¬ 
gion, with dependance on external rites. 
PKARISA'ICALNESS, f, Pharilaical obfervance of 
rituals.—Their many kinds of fuperditions, and phari- 
J'aicalnefs. Puller s Mod. of the Ch. of Eng. 
PHAR'ISAISM, J’. The notions and conduft of a pha- 
rifee.—That was never cenfured in him as a piece of pha- 
rifaifm, or hypocrify. Hammond's Pracl. Catech .— 
Pride of every kind, and in every fnape, exalting itfelf 
whether in Judaical pharifafn , or in Gentile philofophy, 
(hail be made low, and fubdued to the obedience of 
Chrid. Bp. Horne's Conful. on St. John the Bapt. 
PHARISE'AN, adj. Follow ing the practice of the Pha¬ 
rifees.^—All of them pharifean difciples, and bred up in 
tl eir doftrine. Milton's Colajlerion. 
PHAR'ISEES, a famous left of the Jews, who didin- 
guifited themfelves by their zeal for the traditions of the 
eiders, which they derived from the fame fountain with 
the written word itfelf; pretending that both were de¬ 
livered to Mofes from Mount Sinai, and were therefore 
both of equal authority. From their rigorous obfervance 
of thefe traditions, they looked upon themfelves as more 
holy than other men 5 and therefore feparated themfelves 
from thofe whom they thought finners or profane, fo as 
not to eat or drink with them. Its leaders had their ap- 
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pellation from the Heb. t£n 5 > either in the fenfe of ex¬ 
pounding, as fetting up for eminent expounders of the law, 
or rather from the fame verb as denoting to feparate. 
This fed! was one of the mod ancient and confiderable 
among the Jews; but its origin is not very well known. 
The Jefuit Serrarius places their fird rife about the time 
of Eldras ; becaufe it was then that the Jews fird began 
to have interpreters of their traditions. Maldonatus, on 
the other hand, will not allow this feft to have arifen 
among the Jew’s till a little before the time of Chrid. 
Others, perhaps, with more probability, refer the origin 
of the Pharifees to the time of the Maccabees. Dr. Light- 
foot thinks that Pharifaifm rofe up gradually, from a pe¬ 
riod which he does not adign, to the maturity of a fe£t. 
It is certain, from the account given by Jofephus, that in 
the time of John Hyrcanus, the high pried and prince of 
the Afmonean line, about 108 years before Chrid, the left 
was not only formed, but made a confiderable figure ; and 
that it had advanced to a high degree of popularity and 
power about 80 years before Chrid. (Jof. Ant. lib. xiii. 
cap. 10,15,16.) According to Bafnage’s Hid. of the Jews, 
book ii. cap. 9. one Aridobulus, an Alexandrian Jew, 
and a Peripatetic philofopher, who flouridied about 125 
years before Chrid, and wrote fome allegorical commen¬ 
taries on the Scripture, was the author of thofe traditions 
by an adherence to which the Pharifees were principally 
didinguilhed from other fefts. At any rate, the feft w’as 
in great repute at the time of our Saviour; and mud have 
had its origin at the fame time with the traditions; and 
they grew up together, till at length they had gained 
ground fo far, that the traditional law fwallowed up the 
written, and thofe who were the propagators of it the 
whole bulk of the Jewilh nation. 
The extraordinary pretences of the Pharifees to righ- 
teoufnefs drew after them the common people, who held 
them in the highed edeem and veneration. Our Saviour 
frequently, however, charges them with hypocrify, and 
making the law of God of no efteft through their tradi¬ 
tions; (Matth. ix. 2. xv. 1. xxiii. 13. Luke xi. 39.) Se¬ 
veral of thefe traditions are particularly mentioned in the 
Gofpel ; but they had a vad number more, which may be 
feen in the Talmud, the whole fubjeft whereof is to dic¬ 
tate and explain thofe traditions which this feft impofed 
to be believed and obferved. 
The Pharifees, contrary to the opinion of the Sad- 
ducees, held a refurreftion from the dead, and the exid- 
ence of angels and fpirits; (Afts xxiii. 8.) But, accord¬ 
ing to Jofephus, this refurreftion was no more than a 
Pythagorean refurreftion, that is, of the foul only, by its 
tranfmigration into another body, and being born anew 
with it. From this refurreftion they excluded all that 
were notorioufly wicked, being of opinion that the fouls 
of fuch perfons were tranfmitted into a date of everlading 
woe. As to fmaller crimes, they held they were puniihed 
in the bodies which the fouls of thofe who committed 
them were next Cent into. 
Jofephus, however, either midook the faith of his coun¬ 
trymen, or, which is more probable, wilfully mifrepre- 
fented it, to render their opinions more refpefted by the 
Roman philofophers, whom he appears to have on every 
occafion been defirous to pleafe. The Pharifees had many 
pagan notions refpefting the foul; but bifiiop Bull, in his 
Harmonia Apodolica, has clearly proved, that they held 
a refurreftion of the body, and that they fuppofed a cer¬ 
tain bone to remain uncorrupted, to furnidi the matter 
of which the refurreftion-body was to be formed. They 
did not, however, believe that all mankind were to be 
raifed from the dead : a refurreftion was the privilege of 
the children of Abraham alone, who were all to rile on 
Mount Zion; their incorruptible bones, wherever they 
might be buried, being carried to that mountain below the 
furface of the earth. The date of future felicity, in which 
the Pharifees believed, was very grofs: they imagined, 
that men in the next world, as well as in the prefent, were 
to eat and drink, and enjoy the pleafures of love, each 
1 being 
