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53 
being re-united to his former wife. Hence the Sadducee, 
who believed in no refurreftion, and fuppofed our Saviour 
to teach it as a Pharifee, very fhrewdly urged the diffi¬ 
culty of difpofing of the woman who had in this world 
been the wife of feven huffiands. (Matth. xxii. 23.) Had 
the refurredtion of Chriftianity been the Pharifaical refur- 
redtion, this difficulty would have been infurmountable; 
and accordingly we find the people, and even fome of the 
Pharifees themfelves, ftruck with the manner in which 
our Saviour removed it. 
To what is to be met with in the authors juft quoted, 
we (hall add a judicious remark from Campbell’s Prelim. 
Differtat. p. 429. Among the Jews “the name of the fedt 
was not applied to all the people wdio adopted the fame 
opinions, but folely to the men of eminence among them, 
who were confidered as the leaders and inftrudtors of the 
party. The much greater part of the nation, nay, the 
whole populace, received implicitly the dodtrine of the 
Pharifees; yet Jcfephus never ftyles the common people 
Pharifees, but only “ followers and admirers of the Pha¬ 
rifees.” Nay, this diftindtion appears fufficiently from 
i'acred writ. The Scribes and Pharifees, fays our Lord, 
(Matth. xxiii. 2.) fit in Mofes' feat. This could not have 
been, fnid fo generally, if any thing farther had been 
meant by Pharifees but the teachers and guides of the 
party. Again, when the officers, fent by the chief priefts 
to apprehend our Lord, returned without bringing him, 
and excnfed themfelves by faying, Never manfpake like 
this man; they were afked. Have any of the rulers, or of the 
Pharifees, believed on him? (John vii. 48.) Now, in our 
way of ufing the words, we (hould be apt to fay, that all 
his adherents were of the Pharifees; for the Pharifaical 
was the only popular dodtrine. But it was not to the 
followers, but to the leaders, that the name of the fedt 
was applied.” 
This fedt feems to have had fome confufed notions, 
probably derived from the Chaldeans and Perfians, re- 
fpedting the pre-exiftence of fouls; and hence it was that 
Chrift’s difciples afked him concerning the blind man, 
Who did Jin, this man or his parents, that he was born blind? 
(John ix. 2.) And when the difciples told Chrift, that 
tome faid he was Elias, Jeremias, or one of the prophets, 
(Matth. xvi. 14.) the meaning can only be, that they 
thought he was come into the world with the foul of one 
or other of the old prophets tranfmigrated into him. 
With the Effenes, they held abfolute predeliination ; and 
with the Sadducees free-will : but how they reconciled 
thefe feemingly-incompatible dodtrines is no-where fuffi- 
eiently explained. The fedt of the Pharifees was not ex- 
tingnifhed by the ruin of the Jewiffi commonwealth. The 
greatert part of the modern Jews are ftill of this fedt; 
being as much devoted to traditions or the oral law as 
their anceftors were. See the article Sadducee. 
PHARKO'VA, a town of Ruffia, in the government of 
Tobolfk, on the Niznei Tungunfka: 528 miles eaft-fouth- 
eaft of Turuchanfk. Lat. 61. 35. N. Ion. 106. 54. E. 
PHARMACEU'TIC, or Pharmaceutical, adj, [from 
the Gr. (papp.uv.ov , a medicine, and yio, to prepare.] Be¬ 
longing to pharmacy, relating to the art of preparing me¬ 
dicines.— We (hall now in the laft place have recourle to 
chirurgical and pharmaceutical remedies. Ferrand on Love 
Melanch. —The apprentice (hall read fome good pharma¬ 
ceutical, botanick, and chymical, inftitutions. Sir W. 
Petty's Aclv. to Hartlib. 
PHARMA'CI, J. [(puppuvo 1, Gr.] An appellation ufed 
for two perfons who were employed in the iuftration or 
purification of cities among the ancients. Thefe were 
two men, acccording to fome; but others fuppofe them 
to have been a man and woman, to reprefent the male 
and female fex, for each of which they offered a facrifice. 
It was ufual for the man to carry about his neck figs of a 
blackiffi colour, and the woman fuch as were white. 
PHARM A'CIA, J. \_(pupp.av.£iu, Gr. from (pappuvov, a 
drug; which, in the Greek writers, is ufed both fora 
poifonous drug, and for a falutary or medicinal one. In 
Vol.XX. No. 1350. 
the former fenfe, the old grammarians, according to Eu- 
ftathius, fay it is fo called as (pegov avo;, bringing grief or 
pain ; in the latter, as (pepov uvo ;, bringing relief or eafe.] 
Denoted, among the ancients, the art of effedling ftrange 
and wonderful things by means of medicated and en¬ 
chanted compofitions of herbs, minerals, &c. Thefe things 
themfelves were called pharmaca, fome of which, being 
taken inwardly, were faid to caufe blindnefs, madnefs, 
love, &c. Such were the medicaments by which Circe 
transformed Ulyffes’s foldiers: others infedted by touch ; 
fuch was the garment Medea fent to Creufa : others fpread 
their venom afar off, and operated upon perfons at a great 
diftance. 
The fame word, as we have feen denoted alfo pharmaca 
Joteria, which were amulets againft the former : fuch was 
the herb moly, which preferved Ulyffes from Circe’s en¬ 
chantments ; the laurel, the fallow-tree, the rhamnus or 
Chrift-thorn, flea bane, the jafper-ftone, and many others 
mentioned by Albertus Magnus, and Orpheus, in his book 
De Lapillis. Seealfo Pott. Archasol. Grsec. lib. ii. cap. 18. 
PHARMA'CITIS, /’. [from 1 puppuvov, Gr. a drug, or 
medicine.] Cannel-coal; fo named by fome authors, be- 
caufe it was formerly ufed as a drug. 
PHARMA'CIUS SI'NUS, in ancient geography, a gulf 
of Thrace, on the Bofphorus of the fame name, fouth-weft 
of the gulf Baetycolpas. A confiderable river ran into 
this gulf. 
PHARMACOCKYM'IA, f. [Gr. from (puppuvov, a 
medicine, and yvpiu, chemiftry.] That part ot the che¬ 
mical art which treats of the preparation of medicines. 
It is fo called by way of diftindtion from that chemiftry 
which is wholly employed about the tranfmutalion of 
metals by means of the philofopher’s ftone ; this being 
called fpagirico-chymia. 
PHARMAC'OLITE, f Arseniate of Lime. Its 
colours are fnow-white and milk-white, fometimes inclin¬ 
ing to reddifh or yellowifn-white. It occurs in fmni! re- 
niform botryoidal and globular maffes; fometimes it in¬ 
crufts other minerals, or is cryftallized in fmall diverging 
capillary cryftals. Externally, it has a filky glimmering 
luitre ; internally, it is fnining orgliftening. The ftrudture 
is delicately radiated, either ftraight,diverging, orftellular, 
and fometimes fibrous. It yields to the nail, and is eafiiy 
frangible. The fpecific gravity is 2‘e, Pharmacolite is 
found in veins in granite, with ores of cobalt and native 
arfenic. The conftituent parts are, 
According to Klaproth. 
Lime - - 25.00 
Arfenical acid 50.54 
Water - 24.46 
3 00.00 
According to John, 
Lime - - 27.28 
Arfenical acid 46.58 
Water - 23.86 
97.72 
PHARMACOL'OGIST, J. [from < puppuvov, and Aoyof, 
a defeription.] One who writes upon drugs.—The ofteo- 
colla is recommended by the pharmacologijls as an abforb- 
ent and conglutinator of broken bones. Woodward on 
Foffils. 
PH ARMACOL'OGY, f The knowledge of drugs and 
medicines. 
PHARMACOPOEIA, f. [from the Gr. (puppuvov, re¬ 
medy, and woveiv, to make.] A difpenfatory, or a treatife 
deferibing the preparations of the feveral kinds of medi¬ 
cines, with their ufes, manner of application, &c. We 
have various pharmacopoeias ; as thofe of B.nideron, 
Quercetan, Zwelfer, Charas, Bates, Salmon, Lemery, 
Quincy, &c. The lateft, and molt in efteem, are the Edin¬ 
burgh, London, and Dublin, Pharmacopoeias ; to which 
we may now add, the Paris Pharmacopoeia, as to which, 
fee the article Pathology, vol. xix. p. 47, 8. 
PHARMACOPCE'IUS,^/.’ One who prepares medicines. 
Scott. 
PHARMACOP'OLIST, f. \_(pappuvov, and rruXtu, to 
fell,] An apothecary ; one who fells medicines. 
P PHAR'- 
