55 
P H A 
Leaves in whorls, four or five, unequal in fize, fubpetioled, 
fomevvhat flefiiy, elliptic-lanceolate,even, ffiarpiffi, rugged 
at the edge, fcarcely veinlefs. The plant in its whole ap¬ 
pearance very much refembles Illecebrum ficoideum; 
the petals refemble greatly thofe of Glinus lotoides. It 
is a native of the Eaft Indies; and of Cochinchina, ac¬ 
cording toLoureiro. 
7. Pharnaceum glomeratum, or glomerated pharna- 
ceum : flowers glomerate 5 Item fiexuofe ; leaves linear. 
Root annual. Stems herbaceous, even, fiexuofe. Leaves 
very many, in whorls, acute, fmooth, even. Flowers 
very minute, few in a whorl, peduncled, belides the little 
leafy glomerate umbel. It has the appearance of a Mol* 
lugo. 
8. Pharnaceum ferpyllifolium, or thyme-leaved phar¬ 
naceum: peduncles one-flowered ; axillary; leaves ovate, 
blunt. This is a tender annual plant, with the leaves 
and Hem fmaller than in Plerniaria glabra. Stems 
branched, dichotomous, filiform, jointed, fmooth. 
Leaves oppofite or feveral, petioled, many times fhorter 
than the internodes; peduncles lateral, capillary, the 
length of the leaves. 
9. Pharnaceum quadrangulare, or quadrangular phar¬ 
naceum : fubfruticofe; leaves linear, imbricate in four 
rows. The Items of this are fomewhat fhrubby, and have 
the appearance of an Erica. Leaves awl-fliaped, minute, 
even. Flowers white, on the outfide green. 
10. Pharnaceum incanum, or hoary pharnaceum : com¬ 
mon peduncles, very long ; leaves linear; ftipules hairy. 
This alfo is a fhrubby plant, with an upright proliferous 
item. Branches whitifh, with tunicated ftipules. Leaves 
fcattered, even, folitary, fpreading. Flowers white, 
green on the outfide. Introduced in 1782, by George 
Wynch, efq. 
n. Pharnaceum albens,or feven-cornered pharnaceum: 
common peduncles very long; leaves linear, without 
ftipules. This is a little flirub with white Items. Leaves 
oppofite, fpreading, with the oppofitions remote. 
12. Pharnaceum dichotomum, or forked pharnaceum: 
peduncles axillary, elongated, dichotomous; leaves in 
whorls, linear. This and the five fpecies preceding are 
natives of the Cape of Good Hope. The tenth is alfo a 
native of Cochinchina, according to Loureiro. The 
prefent fpecies is an annual plant, and was introduced in 
1783, by John earl of Bute. It flowers in July. 
13. Pharnaceum diftichum, or double-cluftered pharna¬ 
ceum : racemes two-parted, fiexuofe; leaves fublinear, 
pubefeent. Native of the Eaft Indies. 
14. Pharnaceum cordifolium, or heart-leaved pharna¬ 
ceum : racemes two-parted, terminating ; leaves obcord- 
ate. Stems herbaceous, a foot high, proftrate, even, 
knobbed at the joints; branches alternate. Leaves 
numerous, in whorls, fmooth, quite entire, much fhorter 
than the internodes. Flowers white, the fize of thofe of 
Spergula arvenfis. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 
PHARNA'CIUM, in ancient geography, a town of 
Afia Minor, in Phrygia. 
PHA'ROS, a fmall ifland in the bay of Alexandria, in 
Egypt, about feven furlongs diftant from the continent. 
It was joined to the Egyptian fliore with a caufeway by 
Dexiphanes, B. C. 284. and upon it was built a celebra¬ 
ted tower, in the reign of Ptolemy Soter and Philadel- 
phus, by Softratus the fon of Dexiphanes. This tower, 
which was called the Tower of Pharos, and which palled 
for one of ihe feven wonders of the world, was built 
with white marble, and could be feen at the dillance of a 
hundred miles. On the top, fires were conftantly kept to 
diredf failors in the bay, which was dangerous and diffi¬ 
cult of accefs. There was this infeription upon it, 
“ King Ptolemy to the Gods the Saviours, for the Benefit 
of Sailors but Softratus the archite<5l, wiffiing to claim 
all the glory, engraved his own name upon the ftones, 
and afterwards filled the hollow with mortar, and wrote 
the above-mentioned infeription. When the mortar had 
.decayed by time, Ptolemy’s name difapneared, and the 
P H A 
following infeription then became vifible : “ Softratus the 
Cnidian, fon of Dexiphanes, to the Gods the Saviours, 
for the Benefit of Sailors.” See Alexandria, vol. i. 
p. 273. and Egypt, vol. vi. p. 395. 
The emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be built at 
the entrance of the port of Oftia, for the benefit of failors, 
and it likewife bore the name of Pharos, an appellation 
afterwards given to every other edifice which was raifed 
to direft the courfe of failors, either with lights or by 
fignals.—So high neverthelefs it is, [the peak of Tene- 
rifte,] as in ferene weather it is feen 120 Engliffi miles, 
which fome double; ferving as an excellent pharo. Sir 
T. Herbert's Travels. 
Ozanam fays, Pharos anciently fignified a ftraight, as, 
the Pharos, or Pharo, of Meffina. 
PHAR'PAR, or Pharphar, [Heb. fruitful.] One of 
the rivers of Damafcus, or rather an arm of the Barra'dy, 
or Chryforrhoas, which waters the city of Damafcus and 
the country about it. (2 Kings v. 12.) This river has 
its fource in the mountains of Libanus. At its approach 
to the city it is divided into three arms, one of which 
paffes through Damafcus. The other two water the gar¬ 
dens round about, and then re-uniting, they lofe them- 
felves at four or five leagues from the city, towards the 
north. See Maundrell’s Travels from Aleppo to Jerufa- 
lem. 
PHARR'KIRCKEN, a town of Bavaria: nineteen 
miles fouth-weft of Dingelfingen, and twenty-four weft 
of Pafl’au. 
PHAR'SALUS, now Farfa, a town of Grecian Thef- 
faly, in whofe neighbourhood is a large plain called 
Pharfaiia, famous for a battle which was fought there 
between Julius Casfar and Pompey, in which the former 
obtained the vidfory. In that battle, which was fought 
on the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Crefar loft about 200 men, 
or according to others 1200. Pompey’s lofs was 15,000, 
or 25,000 according to others, and 24,000 of his army 
were made prifoners cf war by the conqueror. See the 
article Rome. —That poem of Lucan in which he gives 
an account of the civil wars of Csefar and Pompey, bears 
the name of Pharfaiia. See Lucan, vol. xiii.—Monf. 
Beaujour fays the place contains at this time 5000 inha¬ 
bitants. 
PHAR'SANG, f. SeePARASANG. 
PHA'RUS, f. [fuppofed to be fo called from a 
cloak, or outer covering ; but whether this idea applies 
to the large wrapping glume of the female flower, as we 
are inclined to believe, or, as a late French writer, Da 
Tlieis aflerts, on the alleged authority of Brown, to the 
economical ufe which the negroes in Jamaica make of the 
broad leaves of this grafs, mult remain doubtful.] In bo¬ 
tany, a genus of theclafs monoecia, order hexandria, na¬ 
tural order of gramina, or grades. Generic charaffers— 
I. Male flowers peduncled. Calyx : glume two-valved, 
one-flowered: valves ovate, membranaceous, coloured; 
outer ffiort, fharpiffi; inner twice as long, rounded at 
the tip. Corolla: glume two-valved, longer ; valves equal, 
oblong, membranaceous, coloured ; outer fharpiffi, 
keeled below the tip; inner emarginate. Stamina: fila¬ 
ments fix, very ffiort, upright. Antheras linear, cloven 
at both ends, the length of the corolla. II. Females., 
larger, leffile in the fame panicle. Calyx: glume 
two valved, one-flowered ; valves lanceolate, mem¬ 
branaceous, fharpiffi, nerved, almoft equal. Corolla : 
glume two-valved, a little longer; outer valve fub-cylin- 
dric, rigid, clofely pubefeent 5 end three-fided, fliarp; 
back keeled, bent back, and fliaved at the bafe; inner 
valve linear, very narrow, membranaceous, with the 
margins folded together, the edge thickened on both fides, 
pubefeent, with the tip cloven ; the fame length with 
the outer. Piftillum : germ linear; ftyle Ample; ftigmas 
three, capillary, pubefeent, prominent from the outer 
corolline glume. Pericarpium : none; the outer glume 
of the corolla invefts the feed, now larger, muricated ail 
round with foft adhering little hooks. Seed oblong, 
3 grooved 
