80 
P H I 
In this town were two remarkable monuments: one a 
ftatue of the famous athleta Arrachion, and the other, 
the place of burial of the hundred Oreftafians, who ge- 
neroufly devoted themfelves to death in order to fecure 
the conqueft of the town. 
Upon the fummit of the rock, which was the fcite of 
Phigalia, there was a temple of Diana Confervatrix, in 
which was her ftatue; and on Mount Cotylion, in the 
immediate neighbourhood, was the temple of Apollo 
Epicurius, or the Deliverer. Under the ruins of this 
temple, the baron Otto von Stachelberg difcovered, in 
1812, fome curious bas-reliefs, which are now in the Bri- 
tifli Mufeum. They are in the Fourteenth Room, and 
are numbered from 1 to 23. They reprefent the Battle 
of the Centaurs and Lapithae, and the Combat between 
the Greeks and Amazons. Thefe bas-reliefs compofed 
the frieze in the interior of the cella. The battle of the 
Centaurs and Lapithae is fculptured on eleven (labs of 
marble; (1—-11.) That of the Greeks and Amazons 
occupies twelve ; (12—23.) The direction of the (labs 
belonging to the former fubjedt was from right to left; 
and that of the latter from left to right : and it was pro¬ 
bably the intention of the feu I ptor, by this contrivance, that 
the commencement of each conteft fliould meet the eye 
of the fpeftator at one point of view on his entrance into 
the temple, and that the terminations of both combats 
(hould be prefented to him in like manner, on his depar¬ 
ture from the temple. A circumftance which adds very 
much to the intereft of thefe marbles, is our knowledge 
of the precife time when they were executed ; for Paufa- 
nias, in his defeription of this tempJe, informs us that it 
was built by irinus, an architect who was contemporary 
with Pericles, and who built the Parthenon at Athens. 
Some other fragments from the fame temple are numbered 
from 21 to 24. 
The baron is employed on a great work, the fubjeft of 
which, is an ample defeription of this celebrated temple, 
with an explanation of the meaning and connexion of the 
fubjefls reprefented in the fculptures. The title of the 
work is to be, “The Temple of Apollo at Baffin, &c.” 
and it is to appear in German and in French. Lit. Gaz. 
Sept. 6, 1823. 
PHIG'IA, a town in the interior of Arabia Felix, be¬ 
tween Saphtha and Badais. 
PHI'LA, an ifland of Africa, in the courfe of the river 
Triton, in Libya. 
PHILAC'TES, a river of Alia Minor, which ran into 
the gulf Hermonius, in the Thracian Bofphorus. 
PHILADEL'PHIA, j. in antiquity, games inftituted 
at Sardis to celebrate the union of Caracalla and Geta, 
the Tons of Septimius Severus. 
PHILADEL'PHIA, in ancient geography, a town of 
Afia Minor, at the foot of Mount Tmolus, at fome diftance 
eaft of Sardis. It derived its name from Attains Phila- 
delphus, the brother of Eumenes: and was celebrated 
for its feafts and public games. Here was one of the 
feven churches to which the Revelation of St. John is 
add refled ; (iii. 7-13.) The Greeks ftill call this place 
by its ancient name, but it is called Alahjher by the 
Turks ; and it is faid there are ftill 2000 Chriftians there, 
out of a population of 8000 fouls. It was the laft city in 
this quarter that fubmitted to the Turks, after enduring 
a terrible fiege of fix years; and the tradition of the 
country is, that when the Turks took the place, they for¬ 
tified it for themfelves, and built their walls of the bones 
of the Chriftians whom they killed there. Dr. Smyth, in 
one of his epiftles, mentions this wall as an inftance of 
the Turkifh barbarity; but this is an idle opinion, what 
pafles for bone being only a loofe and porous ftone, of 
the fparry kind, found in an old aqueduft, which is ftill 
in the wall. Sir Paul Ricaut brought home pieces of 
thefe ltones, which he alfo fuppofed to have been bones; 
but on examination they proved to have been no other 
than various bodies, chiefly vegetable, incrufted over and 
preferved in a fpar of the nature of that which forms in- 
P H I 
cruftations in Knarefborough fpring, and other places 
with us. Thefe bodies are often cemented together in 
great numbers by this matter, and their true fhape loft in 
the congeries till a diligent and judicious eye traces them 
regularly. Lat. 38. 28. N. Ion. 28. 15. E. 
PHILADEL'PHIA, another town of Afia, in the in¬ 
terior of Cilicia, between Domitiopolis and Seleucia Af- 
pera, according to Ptolemy: it was feated on the Caly- 
cadnus, at a fmall diftance weft from Olba. This alfo 
became epifcopal. 
PHILADEL'PHIA, a capital of the Ammonites, fitu- 
ated on the mountains of Gilead, towards the fources of 
the river Arnon. Its eaftern name was Rabbath-Ammon. 
According to Steph. Byz. it was the third town of Syria 
which affumed fucceffively the name of Ammana (or Am¬ 
mon), Aftarte, and then Philadelphia, after the name of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus. See Ammonites, vol. i. 
PHILADEL'PHIA, a populous and highly-cultivated 
county of Pennfylvania, bounded weft by Delaware-coun- 
ty, north-weft by Montgomery, north-eaft by Poquafin- 
creek, which feparates it from Burk’s county, and fouth 
and fouth-eaft by the river Delaware, which divides it 
from the ftate of New Jerfey. It contains about 89,600 
acres, is divided into nineteen townfhips, and contains 
81,009 inhabitants. On the banks of Schuylkill in this 
county is an excellent quarry of marble, which fupplies 
the ftone-cutters of Philadelphia. 
PHILADEL'PHIA, the metropolis of Pennfylvania, 
and formerly the feat of the government, is fituated in 
the county to which its gives name, on the weftern bank 
of the river Delaware, which is here a mile broad. This 
city is diftant no miles from the Atlantic Ocean by the 
courfe of the bay or river, and about 55 or 60 in a fouth- 
eaft direction. The river is navigable for a feventy-four- 
gun (hip as far as the city; for (loops thirty-five miles 
farther to Trenton, and for boats loaded with eight or 
nine tons to a much greater diftance. Philadelphia was 
laid out by the famous William Penn in the year 1683, 
and fettled by the influx of adventurers from England 
to fuch a degree, that in lefs than a century it was efti- 
mated to contain 6000 houfes, and 40,000 inhabitants. 
The form of the ground-plot of the city is an oblong 
fquare, about one mile north and fouth, and two eaft and 
weft, lying in the narrowed: part of the ifthmus between 
the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, about five miles in a 
right line above their confluence. In the progrefs of 
building, it was found that the Delaware front was of 
itfelf fufficient for quays and landing-places. The build¬ 
ings now occupy a fpace not exceeding three miles in 
length from north to fouth, and in the molt extended 
part do not reach a mile from the Delaware. All the 
houfes beyond the boundary line of the oblong fquare 
are faid to be in the “ Liberties,” as the jurifdi< 5 tion of 
the corporation does not extend to that part of the town. 
Here the ftreets are very irregularly built. But the city 
is interfered by a great number of ftreets, which crofs 
each other at right angles. Of thefe there were originally 
nine, which extended from the Delaware to the Schuyl¬ 
kill, and thefe were crofted by twenty-three, running 
north and fouth. The number of fquares in the original 
plan was 184; but, as feveral of thefe have been inter¬ 
fered by new ftreets, their number now amounts to 304; 
and feveral of thefe are again interfered by lanes, and 
alleys. Broad-ftreet is 113 feet wide; High-ftreet 100; 
Mulberry-ftreet 60; and the other ftreets in the original 
plan 30 feet wide. The greateft part of the city is tolera¬ 
bly well paved with pebblt-ftones in the middle, and with 
neat foot-paths of brick, furniftied with common fewers 
and gutters, fo that the ftreets are, in general, kept very 
clean. The fpace occupied by Water-ftreet was intended, 
in the original plan, foracart-way,in order toaccommodate 
the wharfs and (lores; but it is now occupied, a few va¬ 
cancies excepted, by lofty houfes, reaching through the 
whole front; and commodious wharfs of a rerangular 
form, and conftrured of wood, are extended into the river; 
3 and 
