P H I 
P II I 
if they are fenced againft cattle till they are grown up, 
they may be afterwards expofed. The others, which are 
of humbler growth, mud be confined to gardens or other 
inclofures, where they may be fecured from cattle, hares, 
rabbits, &c. otherwife they will be foon deflroyed. 
Thefe plants are propagated either from feeds or layers, 
but the latter, being the mod expeditious method in 
England, is chiefly preferred. The bed time to lay them 
clown is in autumn, when you fliould dig the ground 
round the dems of the plants intended to be layed, 
making it very loofe ; then, making choice of a fmooth 
part of the (hoot, you fliould make a flit upward (in the 
manner as is praftifed in laying of carnations), and.then 
bend the branch gently down to the ground, making a 
hollow place with your hand to receive it; and, having 
placed the part which was flit into the ground, fo as that 
the flit may be open, you fliould faflen it down with a 
forked dick that it may remain deady, covering that part 
of the branch with earth about three inches thick, ob- 
ferving to keep the upper part ereft. You mud keep 
them clear from weeds the fpring and fummer- following, 
which, if fuffered to grow up amongd them, will prevent 
their taking root. The autumn following mod of thefe 
plants will be rooted, at which time they may be taken 
off, and carefully planted in a nurfery, where they may 
be trained up three or four years in the manner yon 
intend them to grow; during which time dig the ground 
between the rows, and cut about the roots of the plants 
every year, which will caufe them to drike out drong 
fibres, fo as to fupport a good ball of earth when they are 
removed ; alfo fupport their dems with dakes, in order 
to make them draight, otherwife they are very apt to 
grow crooked and unfightly. 
When the plants have been thus managed three or 
four years, tranfplant them into the places where they are 
defigned to remain. The bedtime for this work is the 
end of September, or the beginning of October; but, in 
removing them, dig round their roots, and cut off all 
downright or drong roots, which have fliot out to a great 
didance, that you may the better preferve a ball of earth 
to each plant, otherwife they are fubjecl to mifcarry; 
and, when you have placed them in their new quarters, 
lay fome mulch upon the furface of the ground to pre¬ 
vent its drying. You fliould alfo fupport the plants with 
flakes, until they have taken fad hold of the earth, to 
prevent their being turned out of the ground, or difplaced 
by the winds, which will dedroy the fibres that were 
newly put out, and greatly injure the plants. Thefe 
trees delight in a middling foil, which is neither too wet 
and lliff, nor too dry, though the latter is to be preferred 
to the former, provided it be frefli. 
If thefe plants are propagated by feeds, they fliould be 
fown in the autumn foon after they are ripe ; for, when 
they are kept out of the ground till fpring, they do not 
grow the firfl year. The feeds will do bed if they are 
lown in pots or boxes filled with light loamy earth, and 
placed under a garden-frame where they may be fereened 
from bard frod, but always expofed to the open air in 
mild weather. If the feeds are fown early in the autumn, 
the plants will appear in the fpring; but, if they fliould 
not come up, the pots fliould be plunged into the ground 
in an eafl border, where they may only have the morning 
fun, in which fituation they fliould remain the following 
furpmer ; during which time they may be conflantly kept 
clean from weeds, and in the autumn removed again 
under a frame- for fhelter in winter, and the fpring fol¬ 
lowing the plants will certainly come up, if the feeds 
were good. Towards the middle of April, the pots 
fliould be again plunged into the ground on an ead bor¬ 
der, to prevent the air from drying the earth through the 
pots, which is generally the cafe when the pots fland upon 
the ground; lo that they mud be frequently watered, 
which fliould not be praftifed to thefe plants where it 
can be avoided. The Michaelmas following the plants 
fliould be caref ully taken out of the pots, and planted in 
Vol, XX. No. 1354. 
97 
a nurfery-bed, covering the furface with old tan to keep 
out the frod ; and, if the winter prove fevere, they fliould 
be covered with mats, afterwards they may be treated as 
the layers. See Cassine, Ligustrum, and Myrtus. 
PHILLYREAS'TRUM. See Morinda. 
PHI'LO, a term originally Greek, formed of <pn\oj, 
friend, or lover; now ufed in compofition in feveral 
words in our language. 
PHI'LO, furnamed Byzantius, a Greek author of an 
uncertain age, but fuppofed to have flouriflied two or 
three centuries B. C. wrote a “ Treatife on Warlike Ma¬ 
chines,” which has been preferved, and is publiflied 
among the Mathematici Veteres, Par. fol. 1693. To him 
alfo is attributed a work “ De Septem Orbis Miraculis,” 
publiflied with notes by Leo Allatius, Gr. Lat. Romse, 
8vo. 1640, but which fome judge to be fpurious. His 
name is alfo prefixed to a treatife “ De Mundo,” annexed 
to the Aldine edition of Aridotle, 1495 ; and to another 
“ De Nobilitate.” Vojjii Hijl. Grcec. 
PHI'LO, furnamed' Jud^us, a learned Jewifli writer 
who flouriflied in the firfl century, and under the reign 
of the emperor Caligula, was of the facerdotal race, and 
brother to the chief magidrate of his nation at Alexandria, 
which w\as the place of his birth. With refpeft to the 
year in which he was born, we are unable to arrive at any 
certainty; but, as he fpeaks of himfeif as old and grey¬ 
headed in the year 42, when he was employed by his 
countrymen on a public occafion mentioned below, it is 
probable that he was born at lead twenty years before 
the commencement of the Chridian rera. He received his 
education in his native city, and dillinguiflied himfeif by 
his proficiency in eloquence, philofophy, and fcriptural 
knowledge. Eufebius fays of him, that “ he was a man 
copious in fpeecli, rich in fentiments, and eminent and 
fublime in his acquaintance with the Holy Scriptures.” 
He was intimately converlant with the writings of Plato, 
whofe philofophy was in his time highly edeemed in 
Alexandria; and he made himfeif fo perfectly mafler both 
of his doftrine and language, that it became a common 
obfervation,“either Plato philonized, orPhiloplatonized.” 
If we attend to the nature of Jewifli learning in Egypt 
at this period, and compare it with the fpirit of the Alex¬ 
andrian fchools, we ftiall perceive the manner in which 
Philo fludied philofophy. From the time of the Ptole¬ 
mies, the ufe of allegories had been borrowed by the"Jews 
from their Egyptian neighbours; and, by the help of 
thefe, Platonic and Pythagorean dogmas were introduced 
among them, as the concealed and fymbolical fenfe of 
their own law. In this manner, without appearing to be 
indebted to heathen philofophers, they were able to make 
what ufe they pleafed of their fyflems. Thefe fyflems, 
alfo, were adulterated with many dogmas from the Ori¬ 
ental philofophy, particularly on the fubjefttof thedivine 
nature. This philofophy, which had been well received 
in Alexandria, Philo eagerly embraced ; and, either for 
want of a perfeft acquaintance with Jewifli learning or 
through a didafte for the Ample doftrine of the Mofaic 
law literally underflood, by the help of allegory he boldlv 
interwove the Platonic dogmas with the doftrines of the 
(acred oracles, and aferibed them to Mofes. It is, more¬ 
over, exceedingly probable, that in fo doing he was in 
fome meafure influenced by the example of the Eflenes 
and Therapeutae, whofe method of philofophizing he 
imitated, though he did not adopt their manner of jiving: 
for he always fpeaks of them in the highefl terms of com¬ 
mendation; and he defcribes his youthful fludies and 
contemplations in language which perfeftly agrees with 
the fpirit of thefe (efts. 
In the mean time, Philo w'as not fo far immerfed in 
philofophical fludies, as to negleft the cultivation of elo¬ 
quence, and to withdraw his attention from civil affairs. 
On the contrary, he appears to have been held in hMi 
edimation as an orator, and as a man of wifdom and 
prudence in the conduft of important negotiations. For 
thefe reafons he was placed at the head of a deputation 
C c feat 
