99 
PHI 
remain, that have exercifed the critical talents of feveral 
learned men. Voflii Hift. Grccc. 
PHILOCA'LlA, in' ancient geography, a fortified 
place of Cappadocia, on the coaft of the Euxine Sea, with 
a river of the fame name. 
PHILOCAN'DROS, one of the iflands of the ^gean 
Sea, called the Sporades, according to Pliny and Steph. 
Byz. Ptolemy places it among the Cyclades. 
PHIL'OCLES, an admiral of the Athenian fleet during 
the Peloponnefian war. He recommended to his coun¬ 
trymen to cut off the right hand of fuch of their enemies 
as were taken, that they might be rendered unfit for fer- 
vice. His plan was frustrated by his total defeat at JEgoC- 
potamos ; andPhilocles was put to death with the reft of 
his colleagues, one only excepted who had protefted 
againft his cruel propofal. See the article Greece, vol. 
viii. p. 893,4. 
PHILOCRE'NE, a fmall town of Afia in Bithynia. 
PHILOCTE'TES, in fabulous hiftory, a fon of Pcean 
and Demonaffa, was one of the Argonauts according to 
Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer and particular 
friend of Hercules. He was prefent at the death of Her¬ 
cules; and, becaufe he had eredted the burning pile on 
which the hero was confumed, he received from him the 
arrows which had been dipped in the gall of the hydra, 
after he had bound himfelf by a folemn oath not to be¬ 
tray the place where his allies u'ere depofited. He had 
no foonerpaid the lad offices to Hercules, than he returned 
to Melibcea, where his father reigned. From thence he 
vifited Sparta, where he became one of the numerous 
fuitors of Helen; and foon after, like the reft of thofe 
princes who had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and 
who had bound themfelves to protedt her from injury, he 
was called upon by Menelaus to accompany the Greeks 
to the Trojan war. He fet fail from Melibcea with feven 
fhips, and repaired to Aulis, the general rendezvous of 
the combined fleets. He was here prevented from join¬ 
ing his countrymen ; and the offenfive fmell which arofe 
from a wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the 
inftigation of Ulyfles, to remove him from the camp; and 
he was accordingly carried to the ifland of Lemnos, or as 
others fay to Chryfe, where Phimachus, the fon of Dolo- 
phion, was ordered to wait upon him. In this folitary 
retreat he was fuffered to remain for fome time, till the 
Greeks, in the tenth year of the Trojan war, were in¬ 
formed by the oracle that Troy could not be taken with¬ 
out the arrows of Hercules, which were then in the pof- 
feffion of Philodletes. Upon this Ulyfles, accompanied 
by Diomedes, or according to others by Pyrrhus, was 
commiffioned by the reft of the Grecian army to go to 
Lemnos, and to prevail upon Philodletes to come and 
finifh the tedious fiege. Philodtetes recollected the ill- 
treatment he had received from the Greeks, and particu¬ 
larly from Ulyfles; and therefore, he not only refufed to 
go to Troy, but he even perfuaded Pyrrhus to condudt 
him to Melibcea. As he embarked, the manes of Hercu¬ 
les forbade him to proceed, but immediately to repair to 
the Grecian camp, where he ftiould be cured of his 
wounds, and put an end to the war. Philodtetes obeyed ; 
and, after he had been reftored to his former health by 
iEfculapius, or, according to fome, by Machaon, he de- 
ftroyed an immenfe number of the Trojan enemy, among 
whom was Paris, the fon of Priam, with the arrows of 
Hercules. When by his valour Troy had been ruined, 
he fet fail from Alia ; but, as he was unwilling to vifit 
his native country, he came to Italy, where, by the 
affiftance of his Theffalian followers, he was enabled to 
build a town in Calabria, which he called Petilia. 
Authors difagree about the caufes of the wound which 
Philodtetes received on the foot. The moft ancient 
mythologifts fupport, that it was the bite of the ferpent 
which Juno had fet to torment him, becaufe he had at¬ 
tended Hercules in his laft moments, and had buried his 
allies. According to another opinion, the princes of the 
Grecian army obliged him to dilcover where the athes of 
P H I 
Hercules were depofited; and, as he had made an oath 
not to mention the place, he only with his root kruck the 
ground where they lay, and by this means concluded he 
had not violated his folemn engagement. For this, how¬ 
ever, he was foon after punifhed ; and the fall of one of 
the poifoned arrows from his quiver upon the foot which 
had {truck, the ground, occafioned fo offenfive a wound, 
that the Greeks were obliged to remove him from their 
camp. The fufferings and adventures of Philodtetes are 
the fubjedt of one of the belt tragedies of Sophocles. 
PIIILODE'MUS. Philodemi de Mujica, is the title of 
a work in Greek, recovered from the cinders of Hercu¬ 
laneum. The fubjedt is mufic. At firft it was reported 
to be a treatife on the art; then a panegyric; and laftly 
a fatire, which it turns out to be, of the moft bitter kind. 
The labour of unfolding the Papyrian rolls was begun 
more than fifty years ago. The lubterraneous city of 
Herculaneum was difcovered in 1742 ; and we find, from 
a letter of La Condamine, and another from Camillo Pa- 
derni, printed in the Philofophical Tranfadtions of our 
Royal Society, vol. xlix. that the work of unfolding this 
MS. was begun in 1749. It was fome time before the 
name of the author was difcovered, and ftill longer before 
it could be afcertained of what country or fedt he was, 
or at what period he exifted. The name of Philodemus 
was, however, well known in Greece. Among others 
who bore that title, was a very ancient follower of Pytha¬ 
goras, who was a native of Locris, in Magna Grascia; 
and two others more recent, one born in Greece, and the 
other in Afia Minor. Tiiefe muft not be confounded 
with the author of this work, who was a philolopher of 
the fedt of Epicurus, and a poet of confiderable eminence. 
He is praifed by Cicero ; and Horace refers to one of his 
epigrams ; nor has he been overlooked by Diogenes Laer¬ 
tius, or Strabo, who informs us, that he was a native of 
Gadera in Syria. He refided at Rome, and was the ac¬ 
quaintance of Tully, and the tutor of Lucius Pifo, the 
conful. Cicero delcribes him as a perfon of liberal man¬ 
ners, and a cultivated mind. His morals, however, were 
loofe; as appears by feveral of his poetical effufions, which 
ftill remain. Of his works, indeed, previous to the dilco- 
very of the literary treafures in Herculaneum, only thirty- 
one of his epigrams were known to exift. The editors of 
thefe treatifes have added two more to the number, and, 
with a learned refearch concerning Philodemus himfelf, 
have prefented his work to the literary world; and it is, 
undoubtedly, the moft curious publication, on the whole, 
which has appeared fince the revival of letters. 
The work has been publiftied more than ten years; 
but, about the time of its iffuing from the prefs, the arri¬ 
val of the French at Naples prevented its circulation ; 
and, though printed in 1793, no copies had reached Eng¬ 
land till 1801; when the late reverend and learned Mr, 
Cratcherode procured pofleffion of two copies, one of 
which he fent immediately to Oxford, and, dying himfelf 
foon after, the other had been feen but by a few. In 
1802, a copy fell into the hands of the editor of the New 
Cyclopaedia, who has given a very neat analyfis of it in 
that work. From that article we {hail take the liberty to 
make a few extradls, becaufe, although it does increafe 
offir knowledge of what the Greek mufic really was, the 
curiofity of the learned muft be confiderably gratified by 
a fac-fimile exhibition of the manners in which the ancient 
Greek volumes were written. 
This work of Philodemus was publiftied in confutation 
of another work on mufic, Ilepi Oaioji/,■ the author of 
which was dead before Philodemus was born. The au¬ 
thor of it appears to have been Diogenes, not the Cynic, 
but the Stoic philofopher of Babylon, fo ftyled becaufe he 
was born at Seleucia, a town near Babylon. Perhaps 
Diogenes, as is ufual with panegyrifts, aiked too much 
admiration of his favourite art; and Philodemus, like a 
true determined adverfary, grants too little. Indeed 
there were perpetual difputes about mufic in Greece, not 
only among profeffors, but philofophers. Philodemus not 
only 
