102 
P H I 
Tereus obeyed 5 but he had no foonerobtained Pandion’s 
permiffion to condufl Philomela- to Thrace, than he fell 
in love with her, and refolved to gratify his paffion. He 
difmified the guards whom the fufpicions of Pandion had 
appointed to watch him ; offered violence to Philomela; 
and afterwards cut out her tongue, that (lie might not 
difcover his barbarity, and the indignity (lie had fullered. 
He confined her in a lonely caftle; and, having taken 
every precaution to prevent a difcovery, he returned to 
Thrace, and told Procne that Philomela had died by the 
way, and that he had paid the lad offices to her remains. 
At this fad intelligence Procne put on mourning for the 
lofs of Philomela; but a year had fcarcely elapfed before 
(lie was fecretly informed that her filler was not dead. 
Philomela, in her captivity, defcribed on a piece of ta- 
peftry her misfortunes and the brutality of Tereus, and 
privately conveyed it to Procne. She was going to cele¬ 
brate the orgies of Bacchus when (lie received it, but (lie 
difguifed her refentment; and as, during thofe feftivals, 
(lie was permitted to rove about the country, (he flattened 
to deliver her filler Philomela from her confinement, and 
concerted with her on the bed meafures of punifhing the 
cruelty of Tereus. She murdered her fon Itylus, then 
in the fixth year of his age, and ferved him up as food 
before her hufband during the fedival. Tereus, in the 
midd of his repad, called for Itylus; but Procne imme¬ 
diately informed him that he was then feading on his 
flefii, when Philomela, by throwing on the table the head 
of Itylus, convinced the monarch of the cruelty of the 
l'cene. He drew his fword to punifli Procne, and Philo¬ 
mela ; but, as he was going to dab them to the heart, he 
was changed into a hoopoe, Philomela into a nightingale, 
Procne into a fwallow, and Itylus into a pheafant. This 
tragedy happened at Daulis in Phocis ; but Paufanias and 
Strabo, who mention the red of the dory, are filent 
about the transformation; and the former obferves, 
that Tereus, after this bloody repad, fled to Megara, 
where he laid violent hands on nimfelf. The inhabitants 
of the place railed a monument to his memory, where 
they offered yearly facrifices, and placed fmall pebbles 
inflead of barley. It was on this monument that the 
birds firfl called hoopoes were fird feen ; hence the fable 
of his metamorphofis. Procne and Philomela died through 
exceflive grief and melancholy ; and, as the nightingale’s 
and the fwallow’s voice is peculiarly plaintive and mourn¬ 
ful, the poets have embellilhed the fable by fuppofing that 
the two unfortunate filters were changed into thofe birds. 
PHILOME'LIUM, in ancient geography, a town of 
Afia,in the Greater Phrygia. 
PHIL'OMOT, aclj. [corrupted from fanile. morte, a 
dead leaf.] Coloured like a dead leaf. See Filemct.— 
One of them was blue, another yellow, and another phi- 
lomot, the fourth was of a pink colour, and the fifth of a 
pale green. Addijon's Spedl. N° 265. 
PHILOMU'SUS,/. [from the Greek, Qitev, to love, 
and paaa,, a fong.] A lover of poetry. Cole. 
PHILON'IDES, a courier of Alexander, who ran from 
Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles, in nine hours, and returned 
the fame journey in fifteen hours. 
PHILOP'ATOR, [Greek, formed of <p:Ao?, lover, and 
wartjp, father.] A title, or furname, aflumed by feveral of 
the kings of Egypt and Syria, importing one who loved 
his father. Ptolemy Philopator fucceeded Ptolemy 
Euergetes; and had for his fucceflor Ptolemy Philometer, 
or “ one who loved his mother.” The Syrians had their 
Seleucus Philopator, Antiochus Philopator, &c. See 
Philadelthus. 
PHILOPGS'MEN, the lad great commander among 
the Greeks, was born at Megalopolis, in Arcadia, about 
the year 253 B.C. Having loll his father at an early age, 
he was carefully educated by Callander, a noble Manti- 
nean ; and he received the inffruftions of two academic 
philofophers, who inllilled into his mind high principles 
of honour and patriotifm. He had from a very early 
PHI 
period a paffion for military fame, and all the exercifes of 
liis youth were directed to the acquifition of martial 
habits. When of an age to bear arms, he joined thofe 
of his townfmen who employed themfelves in incurfions 
upon the Laconian territory, in which expeditions he was 
the fird to march out, and the lad to return. 
His exploits have been but flightly touched upon in the 
article Greece, vol. viii. p. 956, 7, we (hall therefore add 
a few particulars in this place. In the year 210, he was 
railed to the dation of prcetor, or commander-in-chief of 
the Achaean league. After (pending fome months in im¬ 
proving the military fyflern of the Achaeans with refpedl 
to their tadtics and armour, he at length led them againd 
Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, who was marching with a 
powerful army to invade Achaia. He met the enemy at 
Mantinea; an engagement enfued, and Philopcemen 
gained a complete viilory. This noble exploit was com¬ 
memorated by the Achaeans, by a brazen datue placed in 
the temple of Delphi, reprefenting him in the attitude 
in which he ran his lpear into the body of the tyrant. 
Nabis, the fucceflor of Machanidas, defeated Philopcemen 
at fea; but he recovered this lofs in an adtion on land, 
took Sparta, razed its walls, and aboliftied the laws of 
Lycurgus. Thus he joined this powerful city to the 
Achaean commonwealth ; by which means the Achaeans 
came to eclipfe all the other dates of Greece. This me¬ 
morable event happened in the year 191. 
About two years after this, the Meffenians having 
revolted, Philopcemen marched againlt them, but was 
taken prifoner by falling from his horfe. He was con¬ 
veyed to Meflene. where the people, after the fird triumph 
on their (uccefs, were filled with compaflion, at the fight 
of one whom they had longconfidered as a hero and bene- 
fadlor, reduced to that wretched condition. He was in¬ 
humanly thrud into a fubterranean dungeon, and on the 
next day an aflembly was convened to determine his fate. 
The people were inclined to favour him ; but the fenate 
prevailed, and carried a decree to put him to death. An 
executioner was accordingly fent to hisprifon with a cup 
of poifon. As foon as the hero beheld him, he railed 
himfelf with difficulty from the ground, and afked how 
his countrymen had behaved in the field of battle; and, 
when he heard that they had obtained the vidlory, he 
drank the poifon with pleafure, exclaiming, that this was 
comfortable news. Thus died one of the greatell heroes 
that Greece or any other country ever produced. He 
was no way inferior in valour, military knowledge, and 
virtue, to any of the boafted heroes of Rome. Both the 
Greek and Roman writers put him upon the level with 
Hannibal and Scipio, who were his contemporaries, and 
happened to die the fame year. They allow him to have 
been not only one of the greatefl commanders, but alfo 
one of the greatell (latefmen, of his age. To his valour 
and prudence Achaia owed her glory, which upon his 
death began to decline, there being none after him in 
that republic able to oppofe her enemies with the like 
ffeadinefs and prudence: whence Philopcemen was called 
the la(l of the Greeks, as Brutus was afterwards ltyled 
the lall of the Romans. 
PHILOP'OLIS, a fettlement of Pennfylvania: 100 
miles north-north-weft of Philadelphia. 
PHILOP'OLITE, f. [from the Greek 1piA=i>, to love, 
and noXi;, a city.] A patriot. Cole. 
PHILOP'SYCHY, f. [from the Greek piAsw, to love, 
and il'VX'-n the foul.] The love of the foul; the love of 
life. Cole. 
PHILOSEB AS'TUS, [from the Gr. $iAsw, to love, and 
0?, the divine governor.] A title affumed by feveral 
princes and cities, as a public tellimony of their attach¬ 
ment to any emperor. This title is found on the marbles 
of Cyzicum, and in other infcriptions. 
PHILOS'OPHASTER, J\ [from philofopher.'] A 
fmatterer in phiiofophy. Scott. 
To PHILOS'OPH ATE, v. n. To moralize; to play the 
philofopher. 
