POD 
natural order of compofitae capitatse, Linn, (corymbiferae, 
Generic characters—Common calyx hemifpherical, 
imbricated, with numerous ftalked membranous fcales. 
Corolla compound, radiated ; florets of the difk numerous, 
tubular, all perfeCt, with five equal fpreading fegments; 
thofe of the radius female, ligulate, with from two to 
four oblong fegments. Stamina: filaments in the florets 
of the difk only, five, capillary ; antherae united into a 
rather prominent tube. Piftillum ; in all the florets; 
germen inferior, obovate; ftyle cylindrical, fcarcely fo 
long as the ftamens ; ftigmas two, bluntilh, fpreading. 
Pericarpium none, except the permanent calyx. Seeds 
1 'olitary, oblong, compreffed. Down feflile, capillary, 
roughifh. Receptacle naked, dotted .—Ejjential Character. 
Receptacle naked; down Ample; calyx hemifpherical, 
imbricated, with ftalked membranous fcales. Two fpecies. 
1. Podolepis rugata, or wrinkle-fcaled podolepis : fcales 
of the calyx rugged, obtufe. Native of the fouth-weft 
coaft of New Holland. Sent fo Kew, by Mr. Peter Good, 
in 1803. It requires the fhelter of a greenhoufe in win¬ 
ter, and flowers in July and Auguft. Root perennial. 
Stem herbaceous, either quite Ample, or a little branched 
at the top only, about a foot high, minutely downy. 
Leaves linear, acute, entire; the lower ones fomewhat 
lanceolate. Flowers few, on long, terminal, Ample, fcaly 
ftalks; their difk is about an inch wide; the radiusfhort; 
calyx of a tawny or ruity hue, fliining, chaffy; the outer- 
moff fcales fpatulate. * 
2. Podolepis acuminata, or fharp-fcaled podolepis : 
(Scalia jaceoides; Curt. Mag. t. 956.) Scales of the 
calyx even, fltarp-pointed. Gathered in New South 
Wales by Mr. Brown, and fent to Kew by Col. Paterfon, 
in 1803. It is a hardy green-houfe plant, flowering all 
through the fummer, and differs from.the former chiefly 
in having a larger flower, the radius being confiderably 
longer, as well as in the (liarpnefs of the calyx-fcales. All 
the florets are of a golden yellow. 
PODO'LIA, an extenfive province or government of 
the fouth-weft of European Rullia, lying adjacent to the 
Auftrian province of the Buckowine’. Its area is 20,400 
fquare miles; its population 1,330,000,0! wdiomthe majo¬ 
rity are Poles, though the Ruffians and Jews are numerous. 
This province adjoins the Carpathians, and has a furface 
confiderably elevated above the level ofthefea; fo that vines 
do not thrive here, though the latitude is only from 48 to 
50. Yet Podolia cannot be called a mountainous, or even a 
hilly, country ; and it is amply indemnified for the want of 
vines, by its aptitude for the production of corn and paf- 
turage. In thefe it does not yield to any part of the 
Ruffian empire, and exports large quantities of both corn 
and cattle. Yet the inhabitants are by no means induf- 
trious ; the furface of the foil is barely fcratched by the 
plough, and every prccefs connected with agriculture or 
the arts is conducted in the molt imperfeCt manner. The 
forefts are extenfive, affording for export, timber, pitch, 
tar, rofin, potafh, and Polifh cochineal. The other pro¬ 
ducts of Podolia are hemp, flax, faltpetre, tobacco, and 
bees-wax. The chief rivers, the Dnielter and the Bog, 
facilitate the conveyance of commodities to the Black 
Sea ; but the commerce of the province is limited, and 
the manufactures trifling, 
Podolia was, in the middle ages, an independent duchy, 
which was afterwards conquered by the Poles, and incor¬ 
porated by the Ukraine, a frontier - province. Being 
expofed to frequent ravages from the Tartars, the inha¬ 
bitants acquired the warlike habits of borderers. Their 
capital is Kaminiec, or, as it is called by the Ruffians, 
Kaminetz-Podolfk, -d place well-known in the hiftory of 
the 17th century, from the oppofition which it made to 
the Turks; and, though they obliged it to yield in 1672, 
they were not able to pufn their conquefts farther, and 
foon after ceafed to be formidable, as aggreffors, either in 
Hungary or Podolia. 
A Mr. John Chmielecki, having read in Kirchner’s 
Annals a conjecture that the fubterraneous caves and 
7 
POD 735 
paflages in Podolia had a communication with thofe 
below ICiow, refolved to examine a Ate in Czortkow, to 
difcover any traces of fubterraneous caves in that direc¬ 
tion. A cavity in the alabafter rocks, overgrown with 
grafs and weeds, was found to be an opening made by art, 
which had however been choked up with earth and rub- 
bifti. When the workmen had cleared away the earth 
before the entrance, a mephitic vapour iffued from the 
opening, which fo affeCted them, that they fell fenfelefs 
on the ground ; but, on being removed into a purer at- 
mofphere, foon recovered. On the following day, Mr. 
Chmielecki returned with the town-clerk, and Ax refolute 
peafants, provided with fwords, piftols, torches, and 
candles, and defcended himfelf into the cave, well-armed, 
and with a lighted torch and a tinder-box. Having hold 
of a rope of three hundred fathoms, he crept through the 
narrow entrance, which is about ten yards long, into a 
fubterraneous excavation, which refembled a fpacious and 
lofty oval hall, hewn in alabafter, and had a very pleafing 
effeCt. Here he refted for fome time, and then called to 
his companions who were waiting at the entrance, and 
who after much perfuafton followed him. On further 
examining the cave, they difcovered feveral paflages of 
various Azes connected with each other, all curioufly 
hewn out in alabafter, and covering a large extent. But 
whether thefe paflages extended to a great diftance, 
whether they have an ifl'ue on the furface or not, were 
queftions which they could not refolve, as they 
had got to the end of their line, and would not venture 
to proceed without a clue. After remaining there four 
hours, they were obliged to retreat by the prelfure of the 
long-confined air, which almoft extinguiflied their torches 
and impeded their breath. The refults of their exami¬ 
nation are as follow : All the fubterraneous vaults appear 
to be formed partly by nature and partly by art: they 
contain feveral halls, or rather fpacious vaults, the walls 
and roofs of which are of pure alabafter. They commu¬ 
nicate by means of feveral paflages running in different 
directions and of various breadths, fome of them large 
enough for a coach and horfes to turn in. One of thefe 
caves has a near refemblance to a kitchen ; for they 
found upon the hearth, railed of feveral layers of alabafter, 
fragments of charcoal, and remains of a kind of wood 
(the fummer cherry) which is not a native of the 
country near the excavation. In fome places they difco¬ 
vered human Ikulls, which crumbled into dull: on being 
touched. They likewife found a filver coin of about the 
fize of a fixpence, on which, but with great difficulty, the 
name of Hadrianns is to be deciphered. They alfo faw 
feveral earthen veffels refembling modern dirties; but 
did not touch them. Lit. Gaz. 1822. 
PODOLIC'Z, a town of Hungary, on the river Poprat: 
twelve miles fouth-weft of Palorza. 
PODOL'SK, a town of Ruflia, in the government of 
Mofcow : twenty-eight miles fouth of Molcow. Lat. 53. 
16. N. Ion. 37. 29. E. 
PODOLYB', a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Ko- 
nigingratz: twelve miles weft-north-weft of Konigin- 
gratz. 
PODOM'ETER. See Pedometer. 
PODONIP'TAE, [from the Gr. 7ra?, foot, and 
nwa, I walh.] A name given to fome of the rigid Ana- 
baptifts, who enjoin it as an obligation upon the mem¬ 
bers of their community to walh one another’s feet, in 
compliance with the example of Chrift. 
PODOPERU'RA, in ancient geography, a town of 
India, on this fide of the Ganges, in the country of the 
people called Limyrices. Ptolemy. 
PODOPHYL'LUM, /. [from the Gr. ttov;, tj-oSo?, a foot, 
and (pvKhov , a leaf; the leaf relembling the webbed foot of 
water-fowl.] Duck’s-foot, or Man-apple; in botany, 
a genus of the clafs polyandria, order monogynia, natu¬ 
ral order of rhceadete, (ranunculacete, Jujj.) Generic 
characters—Calyx : perianthium three-leaved, large, co¬ 
loured, concave-ereCt; leaflets ovate, concave, deciduous. 
Corolla : 
