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PHILO 
1. Axioms of Intuition. 
2. Anticipation of Apprehenfion. 
3. Analogies of Experience. 
4. Poftulates of experimental Reafoning. 
1. Axioms of Intuition ; the Principle of which is, All 
Intuitions pofiefs extenfive Quantity. 
Proof. —All empirical intuitions have the pure intui¬ 
tions, Time and Space, for their foundation ; fo that they 
come to our confcioufnefs only by means of that fynthe- 
iis which produces the reprefentation of a determinate 
time and a determinate fpace. This fynthefis is that of a 
homogeneous variety, and the reprefentation of this fyn- 
thefis is the conception of Quantity; therefore all intu¬ 
itions have quantity. But, as the reprefentation of a de¬ 
terminate time and a determinate fpace is only pofiible 
by the reprefentation of parts of them, and a quantity of 
this kind is an extenfive quantity, therefore all intuitions 
are extenfive quantities. 
This principle (hows the applicability of the conception 
Quantity, and authorifes the application of all the axioms 
and fundamental pofitions of mathematics to the pheno¬ 
mena. For, as thefe axioms are altogether d priori, and 
their truth refts upon no empirical data, the queftion na¬ 
turally arifes, How come we to apply thefe pure pofitions 
to given objects ? According to our principle, the anfwer 
is already contained in thequeftion,foran objedt can only 
be given to us in Time and Space; therefore the fynthelis, 
by which the determinate intuition arifes, is the fame by 
■which the reprefentation of determinate time and fpace is 
produced. But, on the other hand, if we take the pheno¬ 
mena for the things in themfelves, then it is indeed impof- 
iible to explain how we are able to know, in the pofitions 
of geometry, fo much of them d priori. This fubftitution 
of the phenomena for the things in themfelves even raifes a 
doubt whether the demand of geometry, thaffpace be in¬ 
finitely divifible, can be applied to objedfs of experience. 
2. Anticipation of Apprehension; the Principle of 
which is, In all Phenomena,'the real, which muji he a fen- 
Jihle ohjeft, has inlenfive Quantity, that is, a Degree. 
Proof. —The reprefentation of Reality is likewife that 
of the fynthefis of a homogeneous variety, which however 
does not rife in fu'ccefiion, as we become confcious of it all 
at once; that is to lay, it is identical with the reprefen¬ 
tation of quantity, not indeed extenfive, but intensive. 
Now, all in the empirical intuition, that belongs to feel¬ 
ing, and conftitut'es the matter of intuition, is of that 
kind, that the confcioufnefs of it is that of a homogeneous 
variety, in which, from a determined fenfation to a total 
abfence of it, by the reprefentation of mere diminution, 
an infinite number of fmaller fenfations may be thought; 
confequently the fenfation, or matter of intuition, is always 
reprefented as a Quantity. As, however, even this matter 
of intuition is not apprehended in fuccefiion, but all at 
once, it mult be reprefented, not as extenfive but as in- 
ten five quantity ; a degree; that is, as Reality. 
This principle determines the application of the con¬ 
ception of Reality to the intuition, which is otherwife not 
clear of itfelf, but only becomes evident becaufe the re¬ 
prefentation of Reality is that of intenjive quantity, and the 
empirical confcioufnefs, or the fenfation in an intuition, 
has alfo inter.five quantity. Every phenomenon has there¬ 
fore a determined Reality, from which to its total vanifti- 
ing there is an infinite number of degrees. There is alfo 
contained between the reality of one phenomenon and 
that of another an infinite numberof larger or fmaller de¬ 
grees. A continuous quantity is that in which no one 
part is the fmallefb poliible; therefore all phenomena are 
continuous quantities, as well with refpedt to the form 
■ (time and fpace) as to the matter (fenfation) of their in¬ 
tuition. 
Betw een the reality in the phenomenon and the negation 
of it, there is an infinite number of degrees : there can be 
no proof given, therefore, of the total vanifhmg of the 
SOPHY. 
reality at any determinate time or any determinate fpace 5 
that is, empty time and empty fpace are incapable of proof : 
for empty fpace cannot be experienced ; and, on the other 
hand, the reality that fills a determinate fpace may be 
thought to decreafe by an infinite number of degrees, 
without producing an entirely-empty fpace, becaufe the 
diminution of intenfive (quantity can by no means refer to 
extenfive quantity. 
With refpedt to what conftitutes the empirical part of a 
phenomenon, no anticipation can take place ; that is to fay, 
we can never know a priori what and how great a reality 
an objedt of experience poffelTes ; this experience mult 
teach us. But, that it mud have a reality, we know' <1 
priori; and thus, from knowing the nature of experience, 
we may anticipate what is to come; becaufe, on the 
principle of this anticipation alone, the determination of 
the particular realities of objedts in experience is rendered 
pofiible. 
3. Analogies of Experience ; the Principle of which 
is, Experience is only pofiible by means of a necefiary con¬ 
nexion of apprelienjions. 
Proof. —Apprehenfion is merely empirical confciouf¬ 
nefs ; and indeed contains, as fuch, a fynthefis, which is 
identical with connexion,*but not with the confcioufnefs 
of a necefiary and univerfal, therefore objedive, connexion. 
Now reprefentations in experience only fo far belong to 
one another, as their connexion cannot be perceived d 
priori and prior to all apprehenfion ; but, fince experience 
really exifts, the reprefentations in experience muft be 
confidered as necefiarily belonging to one another. But, 
as the fynthefis of apprehenfions can only occur in Time, 
the variety in experience muft be either perdurable, orin 
all time; successive, or in different times; or co-ex¬ 
istent, or in the fame time. There muft therefore be 
principles <1 priori, by which fuch an objedtive connexion 
of apprehenfions, that is to fay, experience, is pofiible. 
There are three rules for its pofiibility. How does our 
experience of the exiftence of objedts arife from apprehen¬ 
fion ? This queftion we fhall immediately anfwer, and 
fhow the application of the Categories of Relation. If a 
(tone falls from the roof, the reprefentation of this is firft 
mere apprehenfion, that is, merely fibjedively valid. It 
is, however, objedively valid, that is experience in the 
judgment, “The (tone fell from the houfe.” 
Thefe two pofitions indicate the application of the Ca¬ 
tegories of Quantity and Quality to the objedts of empiri¬ 
cal intuition immediately in the fynthefis of the homoge¬ 
neous, as w'ell with regard to the Form as Matter of intu¬ 
ition. They are called mathematical, becaufe they authorile 
the application of the mathematics to the phenomena. 
That which now concerns the Analogies of Experience 
does not relate to the quantity and quality of the pheno¬ 
menon, but only to its exiftence; confequently the deter¬ 
mination of the objedts in time. Thole principles were 
evident, becaufe they immediately fnowed, in the fynthe- 
tica! unity of intuition, the application of the Categories. 
The analogies of experience, on the other hand, as well 
as the poftulates of experimental reafoning, will indeed be 
no lefs apodidtically certain ; but, as exiftence is not im¬ 
mediately evident in the fynthetical unity of intuition, 
confequently cannot be conftrudled, they will want evi¬ 
dence, and they will only be regulative principles, to de¬ 
termine exiftence in general, but not confiitutive, that is, 
fuch as immediately demonftrate the truth of intuition. 
In the Mathematics, analogy,that is, proportion, is called 
the equality of the relation of two quantities in which 
the third number is determined when tw’o members are 
given. In Philofophy, however, analogy is the equality 
of the relation of two quantities, by which not the third 
member, but only the relation to this third, is determined, 
when two members are given. Of this nature are the 
analogies of experience, fince they determine no particular 
objedt, but only the relation of fomething given to that 
objedf. 
Thefe 
