290 P H O 
fpinous ftrias on the upper part. It is found among 
rocks in this country, and other parts of Europe, and 
fliines by night. It is about five inches long; entirely 
white, with fometimes an ochraceous calf, thin, fragile, 
elongated, and wedge-fhaped in the fore part, convex be¬ 
hind, the margin inflefted; it is marked with fubfpinous 
ftriae, which become gradually more indiftimft; the hinge 
refembles afpoon, and there are four acceffory valves. A 
full account of the habits and manners of this curious 
genus of worms has been given under the article Con- 
chology, vol. v. p. 34, 5. and two views of the prefent 
fpecies at fig. n, 12. Plate XVI. of the fame article. 
2. Pholas coftata: fhell ovate, and ftriate with elevated 
ribs. It inhabits the American feas. It is white, and 
almoft fix inches long; the ribs are oblique, and armed 
with elevated fcales, or obtufe fpines. 
3. Pholas ftriata: fhell ovate, and multifarioufly ftriate. 
This fpecies is found in fome of the fouthern parts of 
Europe and India, and the coaft of Barbary. The ftriae 
are occafionally decufiate; the part near the hinge is 
glabrous, and without ftriae. 
4. Pholas Candida: fhell oblong, and muricate on all 
parts with decufiate Arise. This inhabits European and 
American feas, and is very thin; it is filvery within, 
and more glabrous; rounded at each end; the tooth of 
the hinge is flender and cleft; length near an inch, 
the breadth an inch and a half. 
5. Pholas pufilla: fhell oblong, rounded with arched 
ftriae. It is found in different parts of India and America, 
and penetrates the bottoms of fhips. The fhell is brown- 
ifli or white, gaping on the fore part, globular under the 
top, and marked with reticulate knotty Arise. This ap¬ 
pears to us to be the Ph. conoides of Dr. Parfons in Phil. 
Tranf. vol. Iv. p. 1. called by Bum phi us Ph. lignoritm, 
and in Dutch hout-moffel, or wood-tnufcle, becaufe it is 
found burrowed in timber. Four figures of it are given 
on the firft plate of that volume ; but thofe figures are in 
Dr. Rees’s Cyclopaedia, Conchology Plate VIII. applied to 
the Ph. ftriata. 
6. Pholas crifpata: fhell oval, the part next the hinge 
more obtufe, waved, and ftriate; teeth of the hinge 
curved, large, and ftrong. A variety is known by the 
fhell being thinner and fmaller; the tooth alfo is fiender 
and oblique. It inhabits European feas, is about two in¬ 
ches long, and three and a half broad. The primary fhells 
are divided by a tranfverfe wrinkled groove in the middle; 
the acceffory ones are fmall. 
7. Pholas orientalis: fhell oblong, with a ftraight margin; 
one-half of it is quite fmooth, the other with reticulate 
ftriae. It inhabits Siam and Tranquebar; is large and thin; 
the fhells gape at one end only, and they are marked within 
with reticulate ftrise. 
8. Pholas Campechienfis: fhell narrow, white, and very 
finely ftriate. It inhabits the bay of Campeachy. It is 
probably not a diftindl fpecies. 
9. Pholas cordata: fhell fliort, turgid, and furrowed 
with fine elevated tranfverfe ftriae ; aperture heart-fhaped. 
It is found affixed to corals. The fhell is very thin, fra¬ 
gile, and of a dirty white ; the fore part is fmooth, except 
a few arched ridges. 
to. Pholas Chilenfis: (hell oblong, a little depreffed, 
with diftant longitudinal ftriae. It is found about the 
rocks of Chili. The fhell is five inches long, with minute 
appendages. 
11. Pholas teredula: fhell oblong, white, with a longi¬ 
tudinal brown granulate future. It inhabits the Belgic 
fliores, and penetrates timber. 
12. Pholas hians : fhell bivalve, white, with tranfverfe 
arched ftriae ; above connivent, convex in the middle, 
beneath wedge-fhaped, with a very large oval aperture. 
It inhabits the American iflands, and perforates calcareous 
rocks and corals. 
PHOLID'I A, /. [from <po*i;, <po\Mg, the fcale of a fifli 
or ferpent; alluding to the fcalinefs of the corolla. 
Broxai Prodr. Nov. Holl. i. 517.] In botany, a genus of 
P H O 
the clafs didynamia, order angiofpermia, natural order of 
myoporinae, Brown. Eftential generic chara&ers — 
Calyx deeply five-cleft, unchanged in the fruit. Corolla 
funnel-fliaped ; tube longer titan the calyx ; throat dila¬ 
ted, tumid at one fide; limb fhort, irregular; its upper lip 
two-lobed, recurved; lower fpreading, in three deep 
equal fegments. Stamens included. Antherae bearded. 
Stigma capitate, emarginate. Drupe dry, of four cells, 
with four feeds. There is but one fpecies, 
Pholidia fcoparia, which was found by Mr. Brown on 
the fouth coaft of New-Holland. A rufh-like fltrub, wit hr 
oppofite awl-fhaped leaves. Stalks fingle-flovvered, axil¬ 
lary, folitary, without bra&es ; corolla blue, clothed ex¬ 
ternally with minute fcales; albumen thin. 
PHOLLI'DES, f. A word ufed by the ancient phyfi- 
cians for foft and fungous tumours of the legs, fuch as 
thofe of people in an anafarca, or leucophlegmacy. 
PHOL'LIS, f. See Foi.lis, vol. vii. 
PHOL'OE, a mountain of Arcadia, near Pifa. It 
received its name from Phoius, the friend of Hercules, 
who was buried there. It is often confounded with ano¬ 
ther of the fame name in Theffaly, near mount Othrys. 
PHO'LUS, one of the Centaurs, fon of Silenus and 
Melia, or according to others, of Ixion and the Cloud. 
He kindly entertained Hercules when he was going 
againft the boar of Erimantlius ; but refufed to give him 
wine, as that which he had belonged to the reft of the 
Centaurs. Hercules, however, broke the cafk and drank 
the wine. The fmell of the liquor drew the Centaurs 
from the neighbourhood to the houfe of Phoius ; but 
Hercules flopped them when they forcibly entered the 
habitation of his friend, and killed the greateft part of 
them. Phoius gave the dead a decent funeral, but he 
mortally wounded himfelf with one of the arrows which 
were poifoned with the venom of the hydra, and which 
he attempted to extract from the body of one of the Cen¬ 
taurs. Hercules, unable to cure him, buried him when 
dead, and called the mountain, where his remains were 
depofited, by the name of Pholoe. 
PHOMO'THIS, a town of Afia, in the Mareotide, ac¬ 
cording to Ptolemy. 
PHONAS'CIA, f. [Greek, from tpovo, voice.] The art 
of forming the human voice. In ancient Greece, there 
were combats or contefts eftabliflied for the voice, as well 
as otherparts of the gymnaftice. Thefe combats continued 
to be held in the time of Galen 5 the mafters of this art, 
and thofe who taught the art of managing the voice, were 
called phonafci; and under their tutorage were put all 
thofe deftined to be orators, fingers, comedians, &c. 
Chambers. - 
PHO'NIA, a town of European Turkey, in the Morea: 
twenty-two miles weft-fouth-weft of Corinth. 
PHO'NICS, J'. [from voice or found.] The doc¬ 
trine of founds. 
Phonics, or the doftrine of founds, otherwife called 
Acoustics, (which fee,) may be confidered ns an art 
analogous to optics ; and may be divided, like that, into 
direct, refracted, and reflected. Thefe branches the bifhop of 
Ferns, in allufion to the parts of optics, denominates 
phonics, diaphonics, and cataphonics. 
Phonics is improveable, with regard to the obje6t, the 
medium, and the organ. 
1. As to the objed, found, it may be improved, both 
with regard to the production and the propagation of 
founds. The firft, in fpeaking or pronouncing, in whir¬ 
ling or finging, in hallooing or luring, which are all di- 
ftinCt arts, and all improveable. The fecond, by the po- 
fition of the fonorous body. 
2. With regard to the medium, phonics may be im¬ 
proved by the thinnefs and quiefcency thereof, and by 
the fonorous body being placed near a fmooth wall, either 
plane or arched, efpecially cycloidally or elliptically: 
whence arifes the theory of whifpering-places. Add to 
thefe, that, by placing the fonorous body near water, its 
found is mollified; that, by placing it on a plain, the 
found 
