P H O 
P H R 
294 
fecrated patriarch by Gregory bifhop of Syracufe, lately 
depofed by the Roman pontiff. Photius was recognized 
by the metropolitans of his patriarchate, and proceeded 
to the folemn depofition of Ignatius; and, in order to ob¬ 
tain a full confirmation of his dignity, he lent deputies to 
pope Nicholas I. defiring him to aflift by his legates in re- 
eftablilhing the peace of the church. In confequence, 
two papal legates were prefent at a council held at Con- 
ftantinople in 8fii, in which the depofition of Ignatius 
was confirmed. Upon the reprefentations of his friends, 
however, Nicholas, who was much gratified by the papal 
fupe.ricrity implied in thefe appeals to the fee of Rome, 
dii'avovved what had been concurred in by his legates, and 
in a council held at Rome in 862, pronounced the degra¬ 
dation from facerdotal orders, and the depofition, of Pho¬ 
tius, with the reftoration of Ignatius. Photius retaliated 
by fummoning a council at Conftantinople, which de¬ 
pofed and excommunicated the pope ; and he likewife 
circulated among all the Oriental Chriftians a violent 
charge of herefy againft the Roman church : but, the 
emperor Michael having been murdered in 867 by Bail!, 
who was railed to the throne, that prince immediately 
replaced Ignatius on the patriarchal feat, and banilhed 
Photius to a monaftery. A council in 869 confirmed 
this aft of authority, and pronounced a fentence of depo¬ 
fition and anathema againft the fallen patriarch. 
Contefts in the meantime had arifen between the two 
churches refpeftingjurifdiftion over the newly-converted 
Bulgarians; and Ignatius, maintaining the privileges of 
his fee, had fallen into difgrace with the court of Rome. 
Theambitious Photius, making ufe of this conjunfture, 
returned to Conftantinople, and, being reftored to the 
emperor’s favour, projected the recovery of the patriarch¬ 
ate. The death of Ignatius favoured his purpofe; and 
in 87S he refumed his dignity with a ftrong hand. Bafil 
obtained from pope John VIII. his confent to this mea- 
fure, which was ratified at a council held in prefence of 
the pope’s legates in 879. Expectations raifed of the 
ceffion of Bulgaria to the fee of Rome were probably the 
caufes of this concurrence. Thefe, however, were not 
made good : the pope difowned what his legates had done, 
and fent Marinus with a legantine commiflion to declare 
Is is adherence to the fentence of excommunication for¬ 
merly pronounced againft Photius. Marinus was thrown 
into prifon ; in relentment for which treatment, when 
lie fucceeded John in the pontificate, he renewed the con¬ 
demnation of the patriarch. The emperor Leo, fon of 
Bafil, afeending the throne in 886, proved a more for¬ 
midable enemy to Photius, whom he depofed, and ba- 
niflied to a monaftery in Armenia, where he died in 891. 
His death might have put an end to the divifton between 
the Greek and Latin churches, had not the popes, in the 
fpirit of arrogance, refufed to acknowledge the priefts 
and biihops who had been ordained by him, and infilled 
upon their degradation. This unfeafonable affertion of 
authority fo exafperated the Greeks, that, although all iii- 
tercourfe between the churches was not broken off, the 
fchifm had taken root which has ever fince fubfifled. 
Whatever might have been the demerits of Photius in 
liis public capacity, learning is under great obligations to 
him. His principal works are 5 1. 1 \lyriobihlon,J'cu Bibli¬ 
otheca; compofed on his embafi’y to Bagdad, conlifting of 
an abltraft and critical judgment of 280 different writers 
in the departments of hiftory, oratory, grammar, philofo- 
phy, theology, &c. of many of whom no other relic re¬ 
mains: this was printed by Hefchelius in 1601, but the 
beft edition is that of Rouen, Gr. and Lat. 1653. Fabri- 
cius calls this, “ Non liber J’ecl injignis ihefaurus; Not a 
book, but an illuftrious treafure.” The book, however, 
which at prefent .bears that name, is not the real produc¬ 
tion of Photius; and it has been fuppofed that not more 
than half of it can be lately attributed to this learned 
and turbulent bifhop. 2. Nomocanon, or a Colleftion of 
the Canons of the Church, printed with the commenta¬ 
ries of Balfamon at Paris in 1613. 3. Epijlolce, or a Col- 
ieftion of Letters, printed by R. Mountagu in 1651. 4,, 
His celebrated Lexicon, which, imperfeft and mutilated 
as it is, is more valuable to the critical fcholar than ten 
Myriobibla. The various MSS. of this Lexicon, in dif¬ 
ferent libraries on the continent, are mere tranferipts 
from each other, and originally from one, venerable for 
its antiquity, which was formerly in the pofleftion of the ' 
celebrated Thomas Gale, and which is now depofited in 
the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. This MS. 
which is on parchment, bears fuch evident marks of an¬ 
tiquity, that it may not unreafonably be fuppofed to 
have been a tranfeript from the author’s copy. It is 
written in various hands. The compendia, which are 
ufed in forne parts of it, are extremely difficult to deci¬ 
pher, though, on the whole, they are lefs fo than the 
contraftions which occur in many MSS. and particularly 
thofein the library of St. Germain. A copy of this Lex¬ 
icon, at Florence, was tranferibed about the end of the 
16th century, by Richard Thomfon, of Oxford, who 
probably intended to publifh it. Profefl'or Porfon had 
tranferibed and correfted this valuable Lexicon for the 
prefs ; and, after it had been confumed by fire, he began 
the talk afrefh ; and fuch were his incredible induftryand 
patience, that he completed another tranfeript in his own 
exquifite hand-writing. Mr. Porfon’s copy of theCodex 
Galeanus is faid to be among the papers of that incom¬ 
parable fcholar which are preferved by the learned fociety 
of which he was long a diftinguifhed ornament. But, 
whilft the publication of it was anxioufly expefted and 
delayed, an edition appeared at Leipfic in 1808, by God¬ 
frey Hermann, from two MSS. both of them extremely 
inaccurate. 
PHOTOM'ETER, /. [from the Gr. (paq, light, and 
1t£T%iv, meafure.] An inftrument which meafures light. 
See Optics, vol. xvii. p. 632. 
PHOTOSCIATER'ICA, f. A term which fome au¬ 
thors ufe for the art of dialling. The name is derived 
hence, that the art not only fhows the hours by the Iha- 
dow of a gnomon, whence it is called fciaterica, from ay.ix, 
fliadovv ; but fometimes alfo by means of the fun’s light, 
as in fpot dials, reflefting dials, &c. from (pa light. 
Chambers. 
PHOVIBAGPNA, in ancient geography, a town of 
Afia, in Galatia, belonging to the Trocmi. It is called 
by Ptolemy Carifl’a and Dudufa. 
PHOU'SDAN, Phousdar, or Fousdar, f. [Indian.] 
The commander of a body of forces in the Eaft Indies. 
The fuperintendant of a large diftrift. James's Mil. Di 6 t. 
PHOX'INUS, /. the Minnow. See Cyfrinus phoxi- 
nus, vol. v. p. 537. 
PHOX'OS, J\ [Greek.] One with an acuminated or 
or faftigiated head, that is, fiiarpened toward the top; the 
eminences of the forehead or occiput, or both, being de- 
prefled, or one or both of thofe parts beyond meafure 
prominent. But pho.voi are properly thofe who have the 
top of their head very much faftigiated and turbinated, 
and- conlequently deformed. Therfites is deferibed in 
Homer with fuch a head. 
PHRAA'TA, in ancient geography, a town of Afia, 
which belonged to the Medes, according to Appian. 
PHRAA'TES, the name of four kings of Parthia. 
See that article, vol. xviii. 
PHRAA'TIS GA'ZA, an ifland of Afia, in the courfe 
of the Euphrates, which was of great extent, and fortified 
by a wall; fituated weft-north-weft of Anatho. 
PHRA'DRA, a town of Drangiana, called alfo Proph- 
thafia. 
PHRAGAN'DZE, a people of Thrace, on the confine* 
of Macedonia. 
PHRAGO'NIS, an epifcopal town of Egypt, according 
to the afts of the. council held at Alexandra in the year 
562. 
PHRAG'MITES, f. in botany. See Arundo. 
PHRAM'PEL, adj. Mettlefome.—Are we fitted with 
good phrampel jades ? Mid, and Pchher's Roaring Girl. 
PHRAN'GI, 
