298 P H R 
51. Phryganea laciniofa : teftaceous; wings with three 
white bands united at the bafe, and each divided at the 
tip, with an oblique fpot in the middle. 
m 52. Phryganea atomaria: teftaceous; wings grey, with 
numerous whitifh folitary and confluent dots. 
53. Phryganea teftacea; wings and body brown-tefta- 
ceous ; lower ones whitilh. 
54. Phryganea inconfpicua: brown; antennae and 
fore-feelers long; wings grey, glabrous at the tip ; legs 
yellowifti. 
55. Phryganea ciliata: black; wings fubteftaceous, 
fringed, the veins at the margin very much branched, 
the fore-legs teftaceous. 
36. Phryganea annulata: brown; antennae long, annu¬ 
late with white ; wings fringed at the inner and hind 
margins. 
As the genus Phryganea was not one of the order neu- 
roptera felefted forilluftration under the article Entomo¬ 
logy, we have devoted to it an entire Plate, in order to 
exhibit feveral of the fpecies in their different Hates of 
larva, pupa, and perfect infedf. 
PHRY'GES, or Phryx, in ancient geography, a river 
of Afia Minor. It difcharged itfelf into the Hermus, gave 
its name to Phrygia, and feparated this province from 
Caria, according to Pliny, 
PHRYG'IA, in ancient hiftory, a country of Procon- 
fular Afia, concerning the name of which there are two 
different opinions : the one afcribing it to the country, 
whence it paffed to the people; and the other attributing 
it to the people, who gave it to the country. According 
to the former opinion, fome have derived it from the river 
Phryges, or Phryx, (now Sarabat; ) others from Phrygia, 
the daughter of Afopus and Europa, an etymology 
which is founded in mere fable. Bochart fuppofes, that 
this tradl was called Phrygia from Greek verb (pfjynv, to 
burn or parch, which, according to him, is atranflation 
of its Hebrew name, derived from a verb of the fame fig- 
nification. This etymology bears relation to the nature 
of its foil, which was dry in many parts of it, and which, 
in its mountains, exhibited traces of volcanos. Another 
opinion afcribes the name of Phrygia to Phryges, the 
people who inhabited it; and it is laid that they had at 
a former period borne the name of Bryges or Breges; and 
thefe, according to Strabo, were the lame people ; Hero¬ 
dotus fays, that whilft they remained in Europe they were 
called Bryges, but, after their paffage to Afia, their name 
was changed into Phryges. 
With regard to the boundaries of Phrygia, Strabo in¬ 
forms us, that thofe of the Phrygians and Myfians were 
diftindi, but that it was fcarcely poflible to afeertain them. 
He adds, that the Trojans, Myfians, and Lydians, are all, 
by the poets, blended under the common name of Phry¬ 
gians, which Claudian extends tothePifidians,Bithynians, 
and Ionians. 
Phrygia Proper, according to Ptolemy, was bounded 
on the north by Pontus and Bithynia 5 on the weft by 
Myfia, Troas, the ^Egean Sea, Lydia, Maeonia, and Caria; 
on the fouth by Lycia ; and on the eaft by Pamphylia 
and Galatia. It lies between the 37th and 41ft degrees 
of N.lat. extending in longitude from 56 to 62 degrees. 
Phrygia is commonly divided into the Greater and the 
Leller, called alfo Troas; but this divifion did not take 
place till Troas was fubdued by the Phrygians ; and 
hence it is more confidered by fome Roman writers as a 
part of Phrygia, than Bithynia, Cappadocia, or any 
other of-the adjacent provinces. In fubfequent ages, the 
Greater Phrygia was divided into two diftridls or govern¬ 
ments ; one called Phrygia Pacatiana, from Pacatianus, 
who, under Conlfantine, bore the great offlee of the prs- 
fedfus praetorio of the eaft ; the other Phrygia Salutaris , 
from fome miraculous cures faid to have been performed 
there by the archangel Michael. 
This country, as well as the whole of Afia Minor lying 
in the fifth and fixth northern climates, was, in ancient 
times, highly celebrated for its fertility. It abounded in 
P H R 
all forts of grain, being, for the mod part, a plain coun¬ 
try, covered with a deep rich foil, and plentifully watered 
by fmall -rivers. In fome parts it furnifhed bitumen and 
other combuftible fubftances. Having large plains and 
pafture-grounds, it was well flocked with cattle. The 
air was anciently deemed very pure and falubrious, though 
it is now, in fome parts, thought to be extremely grofs,as 
a great part of the country lies in an uncultivated ftate. 
Phrygia Major contained feveral cities of great ce¬ 
lebrity ; fuch as Apamea, Laodicea, Hierapolis, G ordium. 
See. (See thofe articles.) There were alio fome famous 
rivers ; fuch as the Marfyas, the Mseander, See. The 
Masander is now called Madre or Mindre, and was much 
celebrated by the ancients for its windings and turnings ; 
from whence all fuch windings and turnings have been 
denominated maunders. 
The Phrygians accounted themfelves the moft ancient 
people in the world. Their origin, however, is extremely 
dark and uncertain. Jofephus and St. Jerome fay, they 
were defeended from Togarmah, one of Gomer’s fons; 
and that they were known to the Hebrews under the name 
of Tigrammanes. Bochart thinks that the Phrygians were 
the offspring of Gomer, the eldeftfon of Japhet; the word 
Phrygia being the Greek tranflation of his name. Jofe¬ 
phus makes Gomer the father of the Galatians; but he, 
by the Galatians, muft necefiarily mean the Phrygians in¬ 
habiting that part of Phrygia which the Galatians had 
made themfelves mafters of; the defeendants of Gomer 
being placed by Ezekiel northward of Judaea, near Togar¬ 
mah (which Bochart takes to be Cappadocia), long be¬ 
fore the Gauls paffed over into Afia. We are willing to 
let Gomer enjoy the fine country which Bochart is 
pleafed to give him, and allow him the honour of being 
the progenitor of the Phrygians, fince we know no other 
perfon on whom it can be conferred with any degree of 
probability. 
The ancient Phrygians are deferibed as fuperftitious, 
voluptuous, and effeminate, without any prudence or 
forefight; and of fuch a fervile temper, that nothing but 
ftripes and ill ufage could make them comply with their 
duty ; which gave rife to feveral trite and well-known 
proverbs; as—“ Phryges fero fapiunt, Phryx verberatus 
melior, Phryx non minus quam Spyntharus, See.'" all which 
proverbs intimate their fervile temper, and ftsow that 
they were more fit to bewail misfortunes in an unmanly 
manner, than to prevent them by proper meafures. They 
are faid to have been the firft inventors of divination by 
the finging, flying, and feeding, of birds. Their mufic, 
commonly called the Phrygianmode, is alleged by fome as 
an argument of their effeminacy; but this is ftrongly de¬ 
nied by others, who affert, that “its charadter was ar¬ 
dent, fierce, impetuous, vehement, and terrible.” Who 
fhall decide ? 
Their government W3S certainly monarchical; for all 
Phrygia was, during the reigns of fome kings, fubjedt 
to one prince. Ninnacus, Midas, Manis, Gordius, 
and his defeendants, were undoubtedly fovereigns 
of all Phrygia. But fome time before the Trojan war, 
we find this country divided into feveral petty kingdoms, 
and read of divers princes reigning at the fame time. 
Apollodorus mentions a king of Phrygia contemporary 
with IluS king of Troy. Cedrenus and others (peak ot 
one Teuthrans, king of a fmall country in Phrygia, wliofe 
territories were ravaged by Ajax, himfelf ftain in Angle 
combat, his royal feat laid in alhes, and his daughter, by 
name Tecmeffa, carried away captive by the conqueror. 
Homer makes mention of Phoreys and Afcanius, both 
princes and leaders of the Phrygian auxiliaries that catne 
to the relief of Troy. Tantalus was king of Sipylus only, 
and its diftridt; a prince no lefs famous for his great 
wealth, than infamous for his covetoufnefs and other de- 
teftable vices. That Phrygia was fubdued either by Ni- 
nus, as Diodorus Siculus informs us, or by the Amazons, 
as we read in Suidas, is not fufficiently warranted. Moft: 
authors that fpeak of Gordius tell us, that the Phrygians, 
having 
