328 PHYSIO 
like manner, totally diftindl from the fenfe of vifion, or 
the faculty of perceiving light. Its organ is placed in the 
midft of the arch of the eye-brows, giving them, when 
expanded, a vaulted and rounded arch. This configura¬ 
tion is charadteriftic of painters; and is ftrikingly dis¬ 
played in the Chinefe, who are well known to be very 
fond of colours. This faculty is generally more adive 
in women than in men. 
24. Space. —The faculty of local memory, by which we 
recoiled localities, and find our way to places where we 
have been before, is much ftronger in forne perfons than in 
others. Animals are alfo endowed with it, and it ena¬ 
bles them to return to their dwellings and their progeny, 
when obliged to leave them in fearch of food. It is con- 
fpicuous in fome dogs ; while others are very deficient in 
this refped. The migration of birds is the refult of this 
faculty. It enables us to conceive the places occupied by 
the external bodies; and makes fpace not only known to 
us, but infpires a fondnefs for this kind of knowledge. 
It makes the traveller, geographer, and landfcape-painter; 
it reeolleds localities, judges of fymmetry, meafures 
fpace and diftance, and gives notions of perfpedive. 
25. Order. —This faculty gives a love of fymmetry and 
method in arranging objeds as they are phyfically related. 
Its organ is fituated between thofe of Colour and Space, 
outward, and toward the exterior angle of the eye. 
26. Time. —Ideas of time are the refult of a diftinft 
faculty; for they may exift without thofe of order and 
number. They feem to be higher in the fcale; and their 
organ, accordingly, occupies a higher place in the brain. 
27. Number. —All the ideas that are concerned about 
unity or plurality belong to a faculty whofe organ is 
fituated in a part of the brain near the external angle of 
the orbit. The objed of this faculty is calculated in 
general. When much developed, the arch of the eye¬ 
brows is confiderably depreffed, or is elevated at the outer 
extremity. This conformation is apparent in the portraits 
and buds of great calculators, as Newton, Euler, Kaeftner, 
Jedediah Buxton, and Pitt. The heads of negroes are 
very narrow at this part; and, in general, they do not 
excel in this faculty. 
28. Tune. —The perception of mufical tone is diftind 
from that of found, and implies a different faculty from 
that of hearing. Its organ is placed on the lateral parts 
of the forehead. Its form varies according to the direc¬ 
tion and form ofits convolutions. In Gluck and Haydn, 
it has a pyramidal form 5 in Mozart, Viotti, Zumfteg, 
Duffeck, and Crefcentini, the external corners of the fore¬ 
head are enlarged but rounded. 
29. Language. —The organ of the faculty of learning 
the artificial figns for the operations of the mind, of per¬ 
ceiving their connexion with the thing fignified, and of 
remembering them, and judging of their relations, occu¬ 
pies a tranfverfe fituation in the midft of the knowing 
faculties, and preffes upon the bafis of the orbit of the 
eye, fo as to projed the eye forwards when much deve¬ 
loped. This produces what is commonly called a goggle- 
eye, denoting ftrong verbal memory. Sometimes the eyes 
are not only prominent, but alfo depreffed downward, fo 
that the under eye-lid prefents a fort of roll, or appears 
fwollen. Such perfons are fond of philology ; that is, 
they like to ftudy the fpirit of different languages. 
The fecond genus of the order Intelled, viz. the Re¬ 
flecting Faculties, contains the following fpecies : 
30. Compai'ijbti. —This faculty compares the fenl'ations 
and ideas of all the other faculties; and points out their 
difference, analogy, fimilitude, or identity. It is obferved 
in various perfons, who, in converfation, have recourleto 
examples, fimilitudes, and analogies, in orderto convince 
others ; and feldom to reafoning and philofophical argu¬ 
ments. Nations who are fond of figurative language, 
have this faculty in a high degree. 
31. CauJ'alily. —'This faculty examines caufes, confiders 
the relations between caufe and effeft, and always prompts 
men to alk Why ? Perfons fond of metaphyfics have the 
G N O M Y. 
fuperiorpart of the forehead much developed and promi¬ 
nent in a liemifpherical form, as Mendelsfhon, Kant, 
Fichte, and others. 
32. Wit. —Perfons who have this faculty, who write 
like Sterne, Voltaire, Piron, &c. have the fuperior exter¬ 
nal parts of the forehead elevated. The effence of this 
faculty confifts in its peculiar manner of comparing, 
which always excites gaiety and laughter. Jeft, raillery, 
mockery, ridicule, irony, See. are its offspring. 
33. Imitation. —Perfons who have a confiderable eleva¬ 
tion of a femiglobular form at the fuperior part of the 
forehead, have the faculty of imitating, with great preci- 
fion, the geftures, voice, manners, and, in general, all 
the natural manifeftations, of men and animals. They 
have a difpofition to be a£Iors, and are prone to gefticula- 
tion. This organ is, in general, more developed in 
children than in adult perfons. 
The accuracy of the above dogmata being admitted, the 
phrenologifts proceed to (how that their proper applica¬ 
tion is highly important. Peculiarity of character is the 
refult of the development of particular organs; and they 
find in the fame caufe the truefources of error and depra¬ 
vity. Hence they fay, that education muft confift in 
making up in activity what fome organs want in lize, and 
diminilhing by correction and quiefcence the activity of 
others which are improperly large. Or education may be 
affifted by craniology thus: if a child has the faculties 
fitted for a particular occupation ftrongiy developed, to 
that occupation we fiiould train him up. Hence talent 
would no longer be fo frequently loft to the world as it is 
under the prefent fyftem. 
Further ; “Phrenology will lead to important confide- 
rations regarding criminal punifhment, particularly in 
houfes of correction. It will enable us to diftinguilh, not 
only between thofe who have naturally ftrong evil propen- 
fities from thofe whom diftrefs or other contingencies 
may have hurried on to crime, but will point out the par¬ 
ticular nature of the evil propenfities to be corrected. It 
will alfo tend to eftablifii important diftinctions between 
different kinds of infanity, and enable us to difeover the 
treatment appropriate for the cure of each.” Laftly, to 
fum up all with the moll vifionary of hopes, “ it may prepare 
the way to a radical improvement of the human race, by 
pointing out thofe conformations of the head which it is 
defirable to eradicate or to perpetuate, and which fiiould 
therefore be avoided or preferred in the choice of mar¬ 
riages.” 
In the ftudy of Craniology, we are cautioned not to 
conclude that our rules are falfe, becaufe we may find a 
man with a particular protuberance without the corref- 
ponding faculty, or, contrariwife, one remarkable for the 
vigour of a particular faculty without a correfponding 
protuberance; for, in the firft cafe, education or difguife 
has repreffed its aCtion, or it has not been exhibited for 
want of excitement; in the fecond, an unufual deve¬ 
lopment of the furrounding organs may have led us into 
miftake by concealing the actual fize of the organ in 
queftion. 
This want of (kill in every one but the inventors is 
very unfavourable to the progrefs of Craniology; for it 
renders it a matter of the greateft uncertainty; and, as far 
as we can fee, even Gall and Spurzheim themfelves can¬ 
not pofitively fix the precife fituation and relative bulk 
of all thefe faculties, for they have difeovered no method 
of meafuring the head which is not liable to error. The 
facial line, the excellent invention of Camper, cannot 
meafure the bulk of the brain even in profile; becaufe, 
one of its points being the upper jaw, and the jaws being 
very irregular as to length, the relative, not the aCtua), 
projection of the forehead pan alone be determined. The 
views of the head from above and behind, not being 
geometrically admeafured, but trufted to the eye alone, 
muft furniflt ftill lefs certain data. 
Before proceeding with the remainderof this article, it 
may be proper to mention the literary hiftory of Spurz- 
heim’s 
