33L 
PHYSIOGNOMY. 
tivenefs, philoprogenitivenefs,' combativenefs, fecretive- 
nefs, wit, and fo on. This view alfo (hows fome remarkable 
national peculiarities. It was for this purpofe that Blumen- 
bach adopted it under the name of Norma verticalis. This 
is the view given alfo at fig. 4, Plate I. It (hows the direc¬ 
tion ofthejawsandcheek-bones, the breadth or narrownefs 
of the head, and the advancing or receding outline of the 
forehead : the great expanfe of the upper and exterior 
part of the head, hiding in this view the face, is remark¬ 
able in the European, fig. 20, Plate IV. In the Ethiopian, 
fig.21, the narrow flanting forehead allows the face to come 
into view ; the cheeks and jaws are comprefled laterally, 
and elongated in front. In the Mongolian, fig. 22, oft 
the contrary, the bones of the nofe and cheek are widely 
expanded on either fide ; and are on the fame horizontal 
level with the lower part of the forehead, which is alfo 
low and retreating. 
The lack view of the head difplays the breadth of the 
cerebellum, the development outwardly of thofe portions 
of the brain which Gall calls the organs of combativenefs, 
adhefivenefs, and firmnefs. The various appearances of 
this part are feen in fig. 23, 24, 25. fig. 24 is moll cor¬ 
rectly beautiful. 
Of the hard outlines of the face, the nofe is firft to be 
noticed. Common obfervation has long lince found in 
the aquiline nofe the expreflion of wifdom. The Gre¬ 
cian nofe, which is ftraight from the forehead, though it 
certainly looks well in fculpture, is feldom feen in nature 
but with a very difagreeable expreflion of countenance. 
Lavater fays that in a perfedtiy-formed nofe “ the length 
fhould equal the length of the forehead; at the top 
fhould be a gentle indenting; viewed in front, the back 
Ihould be broad, and nearly parallel, yet above the centre 
fomething broader; the bottom or end of the nofe mull 
be neither hard nor flelhy ; and its under outline mull be 
remarkably definite, well delineated, neither pointed nor 
very broad; the fides, feen in front, mull be well defined, 
and the defcending nollrils gently ffiortened. Viewed in 
profile, the bottom of the nofe Ihould not have more than 
one-third of its length; the nollrils above mull be 
pointed below, round, and have in general a gentle 
curve, and be divided into equal parts by the profile of 
the upper lip; the fide, or arch of the nofe mull be a 
kind of oval; above, it mull clofe well with the arch of 
the eye-bone, and near the eye mull be at Jeafh half an 
inch in breadth. Such a nofe is of more worth than a 
kingdom.” Numbers of great and excellent men have 
flourilhed in all ages of the world, vvliofe nofes would 
fuller eflentially by a comparifon with Lavater’s defcrip- 
tion ot a nofe, more valuable to the poffeffor than exten- 
live empire: indeed, he is compelled to acknowledge this 
indifputable fact; and obferves, that he has feen perfons 
endowed with purity of mind, noble in their conceptions, 
and capable of exertion, whole nofes were fmall, and the 
arches of their profiles inverted ; and yet, true to his firlt 
principles, he difcovered, or imagined he difcovered, their 
worth to confift chiefly in the elegant effufions of their 
imaginations, their learning, or fortitude in fullering; and 
this is accompanied with a provifo that the remainder of 
their form was corredtly organized. Nofes arched 
near the forehead belong to thofe who polfefs the energy 
to command, are capable of ruling, adting, overcoming, 
and dellroying; others, rectilinear, are the medium 
between the extremes above noticed, and are appropriated 
by nature to perfons who adt and fuller with equal power 
and patience. Socrates, Laireffe, and Boerhaave, were 
great men, yet had ill-lliapen notes, and were diftin- 
-guiffied for meeknefs and gentlenefs. In nations, the 
Europeans have ftraight or convex nofes; that is, as far 
as regards the bony part of the nofe; for the cartila¬ 
ginous, or griftly, is fometimes turned up; and thofe 
who have adopted the very common idea that dominant 
wives are remarkable for turned-up nofes, will furely find 
fome difficulty in accounting for Lavater’s dogma juft 
mentioned, that meeknefs and gentlenels belong to this 
form; and indeed one obfervation feems no more true 
than the other. The American has a nofe that Hands 
well out, though thicker than the European’s. The 
Mongolian has a flat broad nofe, which however Hands 
out in fome meafure towards its lower part. The Ethio¬ 
pian has a nofe fo flat as almoft to be confounded with 
the cheeks, and the profile of its bafe flanting upwards, 
fo that the opening of the nollrils is nearly horizontal. 
Thefe peculiarities are well feen at-fig. 16, 17, 18. 
Palling over the outlines of the upper jaw, which are 
only remarkable on account of their relation to the head, 
and alfo theabfurd vagaries in which phyfiognomifts have 
indulged as to the phyfiognomy of the teeth; the under 
jaw remains to be noticed. The full round chin marks 
the European, the llightly-prominent one the Mongo¬ 
lian, and the retraced one the Ethiopian. According to 
Lavater, “the projecting chin is faid to mark fomething 
decided, and the receding the reverfe ; and it has been 
aflerted that the prefence or abfence of ftrength is fre-. 
quently demonllrated by the form of this part of the 
countenance; it has alfo been remarked, that fudden in¬ 
dentings in the midft of the chin are peculiar to men of 
excellent cool underltandings,unlefs attended bymarksof 
a contrary tendency. When the chin is pointed, thofe 
fo formed are fuppoled to be penetrating and cunning, 
though it feems there are people with pointed chins who 
are different at leaft in the latter particular; and here 
again the chin offers a certain criterion for the phyfiogno- 
mift, who may fecurely pronounce a large fat double chin 
an appendage of gluttony. Flatnefs of chin fpeaks the 
cold and dry (by which terms Lavater means the phleg¬ 
matic temperament;) fmallnefs, fear; and roundnels, 
with a dimple, benevolence.” 
Of the human eye, the three principal colours were well 
laid down by Arillotle ; viz. blue, paffing in its lighter 
tints to what we call grey ; an obfcure orange, which he 
calls the colour of the eye in the goat; a kind of middle 
tint between blue and orange, and fometimes remarkably 
green in men with very red hair and freckled fkin; and, 
laftly, brown in various fhades, forming, in proportion to 
its depth, what We call hazel, dark, or black, eyes. 
Of the national peculiarities relating to the eyes, it may 
be remarked, that the dark and copper-coloured races 
have all black or dark brown eyes; that both black and 
blue are equally common among the whitqs ; that each 
have their admirers; and that, as far as the bell obfer- 
vations go, their colour has nothing to do with the 
pow’ers of the mind. Neverthelefs we mull juft mention 
the ablurdities which have been promulgated on this fub- 
jedl. Paracelfus pronounced, that thofe eyes generally 
termed black frequently denoted health, firmnefs, cou-^ 
rage, and honour; but the grey, deceit and inftability; 
and, as if this was not ridiculous enough, he added, that 
fhort-fighted perfons are deceitful and crafty, and that 
thofe who fquint have fimilar propenfities to evil. Small 
eyes, fituated deep in the fockets, fays he, indicate adlive 
wickednefs, with a mind calculated to oppofe with 
vigour and fuffer with perfeverance ; and their oppofites, 
or very large prominent eyes, denote the avaricious cove¬ 
tous propenfities of their pofleflor. Gall and Spurzheirn, 
thinking that the organ of the memory of words lies 
behind the orbit, confider ftrong verbal memory the 
attendant of prominent eyes, and a deficiency in the fame 
faculty of courfe indifpenfable to deep funken eyes. 
Lavater thought blue eyes, in general, fignified effemi¬ 
nacy and weaknefs, and yet he acknowledged that many 
eminent men have had blue eyes. “ Men intemperate in 
anger,and eafiiy irritated, may be found with eyesofall the 
ufual colours; when they incline to green, ardour, fpirit, 
and courage, are conftant attendants. People of a phleg¬ 
matic habit, but who may be roufed to adlivity, have 
clear blue eyes, which never belong to thofe inclined to 
melancholy, and rarely to the choleric. Benevolence, 
tendernefs, timidity, and weaknefs, are exhibited by the 
perfectly femi-circular arch formed by the under part of 
