P I N 
465 
P I N 
1786. He finiffied it in 1790, and in the following year 
an account of it was communicated by La Lande to the 
Academy of Sciences, who gave directions for its being 
printed; but the circumftances of the times put a Hop 
to the impreffion, when about two-thirds of it were com¬ 
pleted. By the changes which took place at the revolu¬ 
tion, Pingre was a confiderable fufferer, in common with 
many other men of Icience and letters ; and, as he was 
dilinterefted, modeft, and carelefs about every thing not 
connefted with his favourite purfuits, he obtained neither 
pehfion nor recompence of any kind bearing any propor¬ 
tion to the Ioffes which he had fuflained. To the dif- 
grace of his country, which had derived important bene¬ 
fits from bis fervices, he paffed his laft years not only in 
narrow' circumftances, but in want. From an anecdote 
which is related by La Lande, he appears to have retained 
the poffefiion of his powers till nearly the clol'e of his long 
life. “Towards the beginning of 1796,” fays this author, 
“ I aflced him if he could calculate the orbit of a comet 
which had been juft difcovered. Retried to do fo; but 
told me that he could fcarcely fee it. This was the firll 
time that he met with any difficulty in an arduous under¬ 
taking; but then he was more than eighty-four years 
old.” Pingre died in May 1796, when he w'as in the 
85th year of his age, leaving behind him the character of 
having been an amiable and friendly man, who led a 
peaceful and inoffenfive life, enjoying the efteem of the 
public, and being fo fortunate as not to have a fingle 
enemy. Befides the works mentioned in the preceding 
article, he was the editor of a new edition of “The Art 
of verifying the Dates of Hiftoric Faffs, Charters, &c.” 
in folio; of the “ Memoirs of the Abbe Arnaud,” 1756, 
in 3 vols. 4to. and of the eleventh edition of Buffier’s 
“ Geography, in Artificial Verfe,” 1781, izmo. Hiji. de 
VAJironomic par La Lande. Montuclu’s llift. des Mat/'iema- 
tiques, tom. iv. 
PINGUA'GUEM, a river of Africa, which runs into 
the Zambezein lat. 18. 10. S. 
PINGUIC'ULA, J'. [the diminutive of pingnis, Lat. 
fat, which alludes to a peculiar appearance of greafinefs 
upon the leaves; whence^arofe the Fmglifti name of 
bitlerwort , and the French one of graffelte, for the plant 
in queftion.J Butterwort ; in botany, a genus of the 
clafs diandria, order monogynia, natural order of cory- 
dales, (lyfimachia;, Jnff. ) Generic characters—Calyx : 
perianthium ringent, fmall, acute, permanent; upper lip 
ereft, trifid ; lower reflex, bifid. Corolla one-petalled, 
ringent; longer lip llraight, blunt, trifid, fupine; ffiorter 
lip bifid, blunter, more fpreading. Neftary horned, 
produced backwards from the bafe of the petal. Stamina : 
filaments two, cylindrical, curved, afcending, ffiorter 
than the calyx ; antherae roundiffi. Piflillum : germ glo¬ 
bular; ftyle very ftiort; ftigma two-lipped; upper lip 
larger, flat, reflex, covering the antherae; lower lip very 
narrow, ereft, bifid, ffiorter. Pericarpium : capfule ovate, 
coinpreffed at the tip, opening at the top, one-celled. 
Seeds very many, cylindrical; receptacle free or detached. 
— Effential Character. Corolla ringent, with a fpur; 
calyx two-lipped, five-cleft, capfule one-celled. There 
are fix fpecies. 
r. Pinguicula LufitAnica, or pale butterwort : neftary 
blunt, ffiorter than the petal; fcape villofe; capfule glo¬ 
bular. Root perennial. Leaves like thofe of the other 
fpecies, but rather more delicate and pellucid; reticulated 
with red veins, and much involute in the margin. Stalks 
hairy, efpecially in their lower part, with ffiort fpreading 
glandular hairs tipped with a vifcid fluid. Flowers a 
little nodding. Found about Kilkhampton by Ray; 
and midway from Oakhampton to Launcefton by Merret ; 
faid to be frequent in the weftern counties by liudfon ; 
found in Stoneham Park, Hampfliire, by Banks ; Dr. 
Pulteney fays it is abundantly more frequent in Dorfet- 
ffiire, on the borders of bogs, than P. vulgaris. Dr. 
Hope found it near Air in Scotland, and in the ifland of 
Lamlaffi ; Mr. Stuart and Mr. Lightfoot in the Ifle of 
Vojl. XX. No. 1383. 
Skye; and Mr. Lambert on Croagh Patrick, in the 
county of Mayo, Ireland. It flowers in June and July. 
2. Pinguicula cryftallina, or cryftalline butterwort : 
(Sm. FI. Grrec. Sibth. vol. i. p. 8. t. 11.) nedlary obtufe, 
ffiorter than the very-irregular fix-cleft petal; fegments 
of the calyx oblong, flower-ftalk fmooth at the bafe. 
Gathered by Dr. Sibthorp and Mr. Ferdinand Bauer, in 
w'atery places near Camandria, in the ifle of Cyprus. 
Differs from the former in its uniformly glaucous leaves, 
unmarked by red veins, but diftinguiffied by a glandular 
cryftalline clothing like the ice-plant. The flowers are 
fimilar in colour to P. lufitanica, but very different in 
ftrufture ; the fegments of their calyx being altnoft linear, 
not broadly ovate ; and the limb of their corolla diftindtly 
two-lipped, its upper lip fhort, in two divaricated lobes, 
the lower much broader and longer, in three lobes, the 
middle lobe deeply cloven. The germen, and probably 
the capfule, is giobofe. 
3. Pinguicula vulgaris, or common butterwort: nec¬ 
tary cylindrical, acute, the length of the petal ; capfule 
ovate. This is a fmooth plant. Scapes fmooth, only a 
little pubefcent at the top. Corolla violet-coloured, with 
an unequal limb: fpur awl-ffiaped, acute. Capfule ovate. 
The leaves are remarkably glutinous on their upper fide, 
and afford a good example of an involuted margin. The 
ftrufture of the ftigma, and its clofe application to the 
ftamens, are very remarkable. Linnaeus remarks that the 
foft upright prickles which cover the leaf fecrete the 
glutinous liquor; and that the corolla is violet, purple, 
and reddifli, with white lips, and an afh-coloured woolly 
fpot on the palate. Native of many parts of Europe, on 
bogs. It is abundant in our northern counties, and 
Scotland; alfo in Norfolk; Cambridgediire, at Hinton 
and Teverfham moors, and in the fens near Ely ; in Bed- 
fordftiire, on Ampthill bogs, Mr. Abbot; on Bullington- 
green, and under Headington-Wick copfein Oxfordlhire, 
Dr. Sibthorp; on the little bog by Charlton wood, near 
Shooter’s-hill, on Pets-bog near Chifelhurft, and on the 
Mere near Feverfham, in Kent; at Harrington, and 
Wellingborough in Northamptonffiire ; at Basford Scot- 
tum in Nottinghamfliire. Gerard fets it down as grow¬ 
ing in Crag-dole and at Croffiy Ravenfwaith, in VVeft- 
moreland ; upon Ingleborough Fells, twelve miles from 
Lancafter; and in Harwood, in the fame county, near to 
Blackburne; ten miles from Prefton in Aundernefie; in 
the boggy meadows about Biffiop’s Hatfield, and alio in 
the fens in the way to Wittles-meare, from London, in 
Huntingdonlhire. Johnfon adds, that it grows alfo in 
Jlampfhire, and abundantly in many places of Wales. 
It flowers in May and June. “In Yorkfhire,” fays Ge¬ 
rard, “where it doth efpecially grow, and in greateft; 
abundance, it is cal led but ter-worts, butter-root, and white- 
root, or white-rot; but the lalt name belongeth more pro¬ 
perly to Solomon’s feal. It is alfo named Yorkftiire lani- 
cle.’’ If the freffi-gathered leaves of butterwort are put into 
the filtre or ftrainer, through which warm milk from the 
rein-deer is poured, and the milk is fet by for a day or 
two to become acefcent, it acquires confiftence and tena¬ 
city, neither the whey nor the cream feparate : in this 
Bate it is an extremely-grateful food, and as fuch is ufed 
in the north of Sweden. There is no farther occafion to 
have recourfe to thefe leaves; for half a fpoonful of the 
prepared milk, mixed with frefli warm milk, will convert 
it to its own nature, and fo on. This has not fucceeded 
when tried with cow’s milk. The juice of the leaves 
kills lice. The common people ufe it to cure cracks in 
cow’s udders. This plant is generally fuppofed injurious 
to ftieep, and is called white-rot, from its occafioning a 
difeafe which farmers call the rot. But it may be que(- 
tioned whether the rot in ffieep be fo much owing to the 
vegetables in roarfhy grounds, as to the Fafciola hepatica, 
a flat infetf called a fluke, from its fimilitude to a flounder, 
or fluke; and which is found in fuch fituations, adhering 
to ftopes and plants, as well as in the livers and biliary 
dudts of fheep aftedted wnh the rot. From experiments 
6 C made 
