472 
P I N U S. 
and, though its medicinal efficacy has been greatly exag¬ 
gerated, yet Dr. Cullen acknowledges that he experienced 
it to be a valuable medicine, and that it appeared to 
ftrengthen the tone of the ftomach, to excite appetite, 
promote digeftion, and cure all fymptoms of dyfpeplia: 
at the fame time it manifeltly promotes the excretions, 
particularly that of urine. The proportions th3t have 
been commonly employed, are two pounds of tar to a 
gallon of water; ihefe are well ftirred together, fuffered 
to fettle for two days, and then poured off. From a pint 
to a quart, according to circumftances, may be taken in 
the courfe of twenty-four hours. Dr. Cullen thinks 
with Mr. Reid, that the acid principle gives the virtue 
to tar-water; and hence the bifhop of Cloyne properly 
preferred the Norway tar to that of New England, the 
former containing more acid than the latter. An oint¬ 
ment of tar is directed both in the London and Edin¬ 
burgh Pharmacopoeias, which has been chiefly employed 
in cutaneous diforders. See farther under-the article 
Tar. 
The high price of turpentine, tar, and pitch, during 
the late war, induced Mr. Way, of Bridport in Dorfet- 
fhire, to try fome experiments, in the year 1810, as to ob¬ 
taining thefe products from the P. fylveftris of Great 
Britain ; and he fo far fucceeded as to obtain .the lilver 
medal from the Society of Arts. The following are ex¬ 
tracts from his communications to the Society. 
“ My relation and friend, John Herbert Brown, efq. 
kindly gave me leave to try fome experiments on three 
trees growing on his eftate, about three or four miles from 
Bridport; and he went with me and fixed on them, and, 
early in April 1809, I had them prepared for the purpofe 
of extracting the turpentine, and they have been run¬ 
ning till the 18th of November. The weather, except the 
laft month and part of this, has, from fo much rain falling, 
and there being fo little hot weather, been particularly 
unfavourable for this bufinefs, as, the diltance being fuch 
as to prevent the trees being regularly attended, the hol¬ 
lows were frequently found by my men full of wa¬ 
ter, and a good deal of the turpentine, which ran off 
with the water, lay on the ground. Under all thefe cir¬ 
cumftances, I Was only able to obtain from the three trees 
about two pounds and a half of turpentine. Mr. Brown 
being with me again the 16th and 17th, as he wiflted to 
take the trees down, I begged he would allow me to take 
a part from one of them, for the purpofe of fending to 
the Society of Arts, Manufactures,' and Commerce, with 
the turpentine collected from the trees; which he moll 
readily complied with. I have therefore taken about fix 
feet from one of them (they were all nearly the fame 
fize) ; what I have lent is the part from the ground to 
tlie top of the place that has been cut away for the turpen¬ 
tine to run into the hollow, from whence it was to be 
colleCfed ; the hollow was cut in this confiderably higher 
than is ufual in. America, as this tree flood in a hedge, 
and could not well be hollowed lower. 
“ I hope that this final! trial may meet with the appro¬ 
bation of the very-highly-refpeCfable and truly-ufeful So¬ 
ciety of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce; and it will 
be highly gratifying to me, if it fbould induce perfons 
who have coufiderable plantations to try it on fuch a 
fcale as to afcertain to what extent it might prove bene¬ 
ficial in this country. The experiment lhould be tried 
on trees fo fituated as to be conveniently examined every 
day; and the turpentine colleCfed in the hollows removed 
as often as poflible, to prevent its being injured or wafted 
by the raid. I think that, during the American war, 
fome importations of turpentine were made from Ruffia 
and Sweden ; and, if fo, it nitift have been extraCled from 
what we call the Scotch hr, in a colder climate than this. 
RefpeCling the wood being injured by the extraction of 
the turpentine from it, I fnould rather think that it 
would, on the contrary, be the better fob it; as all thole 
who ufe deals from Scotch fir, in this neighbourhood, 
complain that it is too full of turpentine to work well. 
The faCl might be afeertained, by the piece of timber 
which I fent to the Society; as, if it were wifhed to pre- 
ferve that part in which the hollow is made, the back 
part, or nearly half of the tree, might be fawn into 
boards without injury, and thofe boards might be com¬ 
pared with fome from a tree taken down in the winter, 
from whence the turpentine has not been extraCfed. It 
muft, however, be noted, that from the tree I have fent to 
the Society, tile turpentine has only been running one 
year, whereas, in America, they colieCt the turpentine 
from the fame tree for three or four fucceeding years.” 
A branch of the tree is reprefenled on the annexed en¬ 
graving; and at a is a view of-the piece tranfmitted to 
the Society ; it appears as growing in the earth, b (hows 
the part where a portion of the bark is taken off to affift 
the emiftion of the turpentine ; c, is a hollow cut within 
the body of the tree, in the form of a bafon at the 
lower part, to receive the turpentine which exfudes into 
it from the pores of the tree; this bafon is about fix inches 
from the ground. 
| 3 . P. Tatarica, the Tartarian pine-tree leaves in two’s 
broader, glaucous ; cones very (mall. Tartarian pine 
lias a great/efemblance to Scotch pine ; but the leaves 
are broader,' fhorter, and their points are more obtufe; 
they emit a ftrong balfamic odour when bruifed : the 
cones of this are very fmall, as are alfo the feeds, fome of 
which are black, and others white. It grows naturally 
in Tartary, whence Mr. Miller received the feeds. 
y. P. montana, the mountain or mugho pine-tree : 
leaves often in threes, narrower, green ; cones pyramidal 
with blunt feales. This has very narrow green leaves, 
which grow fometimes by pairs, fometimes by threes 
from the fame (heath; they generally ftand ereifl; the 
cones are of a middling fize and pyramidal ; the feales 
are flat, having each a fmall obtufe riling, but very coin- 
pa£t till they are opened by the' warmth of the fun the 
fecond fpring. The feeds of this are much Iefs than 
thofe of the pinafter, but larger than thofe of the Scotch 
pine. Native of the Svvifs mountains, where it is called 
torch-pine. It grows to a great height, is full of reli 11 
the wood, when firft cut, is of a reddifh colour; and is 
ufed in building. Monf. Villars fays it is the moll com¬ 
mon fort on the mountains of Dauphine, but that the 
fhortnefs of the trunk and other characters difappear 
when it grows in lower fituations, infomuch that it can¬ 
not then be diftinguifhed from the common fort. 
S. P. divaricata, the Hudfon’s Bay pine-tree: leaves 
divaricate, oblique. 
b. P. maritima, the fea pine-tree : leaves two in a 
(heath, rigid; cones ovate-conical, the length of the 
leaves, (ingle, or two together, rounded at the bafe. This 
has fmooth leaves; the cones are very long and (lender; 
and the feeds are about the fame fize with thofe of the pi¬ 
nafter. It grows in the maritime parts of Italy and the 
South of France. 
2. Pinus pungens, the prickly-coned pine-tree: leaves 
in pairs, fhort, acute; cones ovate; the prickles of their 
feales elongated, very (harp, incurved; the lower ones 
deflexed. Native of the Aim mi its of the blue mountains 
on. the frontiers of Virginia and North Carolina, in large 
forefts, where it was found by W. Strickland, efq. The 
leaves are much broader and fhorter than thofe of P. 
montana, and tipped with a fpinous point; cones broad- 
ovate, light tawny brown, armed with extremely pungent 
incurved fpines. 
3. Pinus Bankfiana, the Labrador pine-tree : leaves in 
pairs, divaricated, oblique; cones recurved, twilled; 
creft of the antherae dilated, emarginate. Native of 
Nova Scotia, &c. Rarely cultivated in England, flower¬ 
ing in April. This is with us a tall tree, with numerous 
long and fpreading branches, though more humble on its 
native rocks. Leaves fcarcely above an inch long, v-ari- 
oully twifted. Creft rather broader than the anther itfelf, 
kidney-fhaped, emarginate, and crenate. Cones very 
abundant, oblong, rather flender, rugged, brown, two 
inches 
