473 
P I N U S. 
inches in length, recurved, fo that their points touch the 
branch, and often meet each other. Communicated to 
Mr. Lambert by fir J. Banks. The fineft trees of this 
fpecies are in the gardens at Pain’s-hill and Kew. 
4. Pinus pinafter, the pinafter, or clufter pine-tree : 
leaves two in a fheath, fomewhat rough at the edge ; 
cones oblong-conical, fhorter than the leaf, attenuated 
at the bafe j fcales echinated. The pinafter grows to a 
large fize; the branches extend on every fide to a confi- 
derable diftance; and, whilft the trees are young, they 
are fully furnifned with leaves, efpecially when they are 
not fo clofe as to exclude the air from thofe within ; but, 
as they advance in age, the branches appear naked ; and 
all thofe which are fituated below become unfightly; 
hence, and becaufe the timber of the Scotch pine is much 
preferable to this, it has been more generally propagated. 
The branches of the pinafter grow at a wider diftance 
than thofe of the Scotch pine, and are more horizontal; 
the leaves are much larger, thicker, and longer, grow 
ftraight, have a broad furface on their infide, which has 
a furrow or channel running longitudinally; they are 
of a darker green, and their points are obtufe. The cones 
are feven or eight inches long, pyramidal, with pointed 
fcales; the feeds are oblong, a little flatted on their fides, 
and have narrower wings on their tops. It grows natu¬ 
rally in the mountains of Italy and the fouth of France, 
w here there are forefts of thefe trees, which, if fuft'ered to 
ftand, grow to a large fize. In Swifierland they are fre¬ 
quently cut into fhingles for covering their houfes, and 
alfo for making pitch : in the fouth of France the young 
trees are cut for ftakes to fupport their vines. It was 
cultivated here in 1596, by Gerard. 
5. Pinus Mafioniana, the Indian pine-tree : leaves in 
pairs, four or five inches long, llender ; their fheaths are 
very fhort; creft of the antheras fhort, broad, toothed. 
Native of China ; from whence its feeds_ were brought to 
the Cape of Good Hope, and produced flowering trees 
there, fpecimens of which, given to fir. J. Banks by Mr. 
Maffon, were examined and delineated for Mr. Lambert’s 
work. It has fince been obferved by Mr. Clarke Abel, 
(Journey in China, 1817.) who tells us, that it is the pre¬ 
vailing pine, and probably the moft widely-diffufed plant, 
in China, fince it was obferved through more than ten 
degrees of north latitude and fix of eaft longitude. 
6. Pinus inops, the Jerfey pine-tree : leaves in pairs; 
cones drooping, oblong-conical, longer than the leaves ; 
their fcales with awl-fhaped prominent fpines; creft of 
the antheras fhort, broad, jagged. Native of dry barren 
hills, in the interior parts of North America, from New 
Jerfey to Carolina, where it bloffoms in May. Mr. Purfh 
fays, it is of a middle fize, ftraggling growth, and full of 
refin, the branches tougher than any other pine with 
which he is acquainted. It might ferve for feveral ufeful 
purpofes, if the wood were not fo liable to early decay. 
j his account agrees with Mr. Lambert’s, which M. Mi- 
chaux has controverted. Kalm has remarked, that cattle 
in hot weather ftudioufly Angle out this tree for (hade, in 
preference to all others: its effluvia are fuppofed to be 
agreeable to them ; or rather perhaps hoftile to fome in¬ 
fers which perfecute them, fuch as gad-flies, to whofe 
approach all cattle are extremely fenfible. (See Linn. 
Tour in Lapland, i. 205.) The leaves are of a dark 
green, two inches long, broader than in maritima or ha- 
lepenfis, the afpeft of the tree being moft like a ftarved 
Scotch fir. 
7. Pinus refinofa, the American pitch pine-tree : leaves 
in pairs, elongated, with long fheaths ; cones ovate, fef- 
file, nearly folitary, tolerably even, unarmed, not half the 
length of the leaves; creft fhort, jagged, narrower than 
the antheras. Native of Canada and the weftern parts of 
New York. It was firft railed in England by the late 
duke of Northumberland, at Sion-houfe, where many of 
this fpecies are (till to be feen, flowering in May. This 
tree requires, according to Mr. Lambert, a moift fitua- 
Vol. XX. No. 1383. 
tion, and light fandy foil; and, though rare in England, 
is well worthy of cultivation, being of elegant appear¬ 
ance, and remarkable for the fragrance and abundance of 
its refill. The leaves are four inches long, roughifh at the 
point, fpreading, with (heaths a quarter of their length. 
Male flowers fpiked, copious, handfome, the creft of their 
antheras purple. Female flowers oval, deep purple, 
their fcales broad, the larger lip only very (lightly 
pointed. Cones ufually two or three together, fjflile, 
fpreading, fcarcely half the length of the leaves, ovate, 
obtufe, their fcales a little tumid, but quite deftitute of 
fpines or points. In clofe forefts, Mr. Purfh fays, this 
fpecies grows very tall, with a remarkably-fmooth red bark. 
The timber is very heavy, and therefore unfit for mails. 
Mr. Way of Bridport, whofe method of extrafting the 
turpentine from our wild pine is quoted above, accom¬ 
panied his communication to the Society of Arts with 
fome memorandums, written down by him while in North 
America during the year 1792, concerning the method 
of extrafting the produdts from the trees there. Thefe, 
we think, will be interefting to our readers. 
“ April 12, 1792.—Arrived at Wilmington, North Ca¬ 
rolina, about one P.M. Obferved on the roads the pitch- 
pines prepared for extrafting turpentine, which is done 
by cutting a hollow in the tree about fix inches from the 
ground, and then taking the bark offfrom a fpaceof about 
eighteen inches above it, from the fappy wood : the tur¬ 
pentine runs from April to Oftober, and is caught by the 
hollow below. Some of the trees were cut on two (ides, 
and only a ftrip of the bark left of about four inches in 
breadth on each of the other two fides, for conveyance 
of the fap necefl'ary for the fupport of the tree. A gen¬ 
tleman with whom I had been travelling informed me, 
that fome trees would run fix or feven years, and that 
every year the bark was cut away higher and higher, till 
the tree would run no longer; and I obferved many that 
had done running, and they were in general (tripped of 
the bark on two fides, as high as a man could reach, and 
fome were dead from the operation ; others did not look 
much the worfe for it. I find the ufual talk is for one 
man to attend three thoufand trees, which taken toge¬ 
ther would produce one hundred to one hundred and ten 
barrels of turpentine. 
“April 15.—On my return from Wilmington to Co¬ 
wan’s Tavern, diftant about fixteen miles, I was informed 
that the mailer of the houfe had been a fuperintendant of 
negroes who collefted turpentine. I found the infor¬ 
mation I had before received was not perfeftly correft : 
he told me he attended to fix (laves for a year for a plan¬ 
ter; and between the ill of April and the ift of Septem¬ 
ber they made fix hundred barrels of turpentine. The 
cutting the trees for the purpofe of collecting is called 
boxing them, and it is reckoned a good day’s work to box 
fixty in a day ; the trees will not run longer than four 
years, and it is necefl'ary to take off a thin piece of the 
wood about once a-week, and alfo as often as it rains, as 
that flops the trees running. While in North Carolina, 
I was particular in my enquiries refpefting the making 
of tar and pitch, and I faw feveral tar-kilns ; they have 
two forts of wood that they make it from, both of which 
are the pitch-pine ; the fort from which moft of it is made 
are old trees which have fallen down in the woods, and 
the fap rotted off, and is what they call light-wood, not 
from the weight of it, as it is very heavy, but from its 
combuftible nature, as it will light with a candle, and a 
piece of it thrown into the fire will give light enough to 
read and write by. All the pitch-pine will not become 
light-wood ; the people concerned in making tar know it 
from the appearance of the turpentine in the grain of the 
wood ; the other fort of wood which is ufed, after the 
trees which have been boxed for turpentine, have done 
running, they fplit off the faces over which the turpen¬ 
tine has run, and of this wood is made what is called 
green-tar, being made from green wood inftead of dry. 
6 E When 
