474 
P I N 
When a fufficient quantity of wood is got together, the 
fird dep is to fix a flake in the ground, to which they faf- 
ten a firing, and from the flake, as a centre, they defcribe 
a circle on the ground according to the fize they wifh to 
have the kiln ; they confider that one of twenty feet in 
diameter and fourteen feet high fhould produce them two 
hundred barrels of tar; they then dig out all the earth a 
fpit deep, (helving inwards within the circle, and Hoping 
to the centre; the earth taken out is thrown up in a 
bank about one foot and a half high round the edge of 
the circle. They next get a pine that will fplit flraight, 
of a fufficient length to reach from the centre of the cir¬ 
cle fome way beyond the bank ; this pine is fplit through 
the middle, and both parts are then hollowed out, after 
which they are put together, and funk in fuch a way, 
that one end, which is placed in the centre of the circle, 
is higher than that end which comes without the bank, 
where a hole is dug in the ground for the tar to run into, 
and whence the tar is taken up and barrelled as it runs 
from the kiln. After the kiln is marked out, they bring 
the wood, ready fplit up, in fmall billets, rather fmaller 
than are generally ufed for the fires in England, and it is 
then packed as clofe as poffible, with the end inwards, Ho¬ 
ping towards the middle, and the middle is filled up with 
fmall wood and the knots of trees, which lad have more 
tar in them than any other part of the wood; the kiln is 
built in fuch a way, that at twelve or fourteen feet high it 
will overhang two or three feet, and it appears quite com- 
padl and folid. After the whole of the wood is piled on, 
they get a parcel of fmall logs, and then place a line of 
turf, then another line of logs, and fo on alternately all 
the way up, and the top they cover with two or three 
thickneffes of turf. After the whole is covered in this 
way, they take out a turf in ten or a dozen different 
places round the top, at each of which they light it, and 
it then burns downwards till the whole of the taris melted 
out ; and if it burns too fad they dop fome of the holes, 
and if not fad enough they open others, all of which the 
tar-burner, from practice, is able to judge of. When it 
begins to run flow, if it is near where charcoal is wanted, 
they fill up all the holes, and watch it to prevent the fire 
breaking out any where till the whole is charred ; the 
charcoal is worth two pence to three-pence per buffiel. 
It will take fix or eight days to burn a tar-kiln ; in fome 
places they burn it at fuch a didance from the (hipping, 
that they have very far to roll it, and even then fell it at 
from 3s. 6d. to 5s. Britifli, per barrel, fometimes taking the 
whole out in goods, but never lefs than half the amount 
in goods; from all which it will be reafonably fuppofed, 
tha t tar-burning in that country is but a bad trade, as it 
mud be a good hand to make more than at the rate of a 
barrel a-day; the barrels cod the burner about is. 3d. 
Pitch is made by either boiling the tar till it comes to a 
proper thicknefs, or elfe by burning it: the latter is done 
by digging a hole in the ground, and lining it with brick ; 
it is then filled with tar,and they fet fire to it, and allow 
it to burn till they judge it has burnt enough, which is 
known by dipping a dick into it, and letting it cool; 
when burnt enough they put a cover over it, which dops 
it clofe, and puts out the fire. Five barrels of green-tar 
will make two of pitch ; and it will take two barrels of 
other tar to make one of pitch. In converfation with a 
gentleman who had been fettled at Wilmington and at 
Fayette-ville before the war, I learnt that pitch-pine tim¬ 
ber growing on the fands was the bed; and that it was 
reckoned to be better if cut in the winter before the fap 
rifes in the tree.” 
8. Pinus dammara, the Amboyna pitch pine-tree: 
leaves oppofite, elliptic lanceolate, flriated. Native of 
Amboyna, where a fine inflammable refin exudes from 
the trunk when wounded, and is collefled for fome pur- 
pofe, not clearly explained by authors. A kind of pitch 
is alfo faid to be made from this tree, much ufed in the 
Ead Indies. Of its botanical hiltory we know little. 
The elliptic-lanceolate thick rigid oppofite leaves, near 
U S. 
three inches long and one broad, are widely different from 
every other known pinus, and there is every reafon to fup-> 
pofe the dammara conditutes a difiinfl and dioecious ge¬ 
nus, though all that has as yet been explained relative 
to its fructification is little more than conjecture. The 
ripe cones are globular, clofe, hard and woody, as big as a 
fmall orange, with tumid, teffelated, unarmed (cales. 
Other cones bear fomething like anthers at the bafe of 
each fcale. Living plants of P. dammara were procured 
by fir J. Banks for Kew-garden in 1804, and are kept in 
the dove. 
9. Pinus Halepenfis, the Aleppo pine-tree : leaves two 
in afheath; cones ovate conical, rounded at the bafe, ra¬ 
ther (horter than the leaf 5 fcales obtufe. This tree 
branches out on every fide near the root; the branches at 
fird grow horizontally, but turn their ends upwards; 
their bark is fmooth, and of a dark grey colour. The 
leaves are long and very narrow, of a dark green, and if 
they are bruifed emit a flrong refinous odour. The cones 
come out from the fide of the branches; they are not 
much more than half the length of thofe of the pinader, 
but are full as large at their bafe ; the fcales are flatted, 
and the point of the cones is obtufe. The feeds are 
much lefs than thofe of the pinader, but of the fame 
ffiape. It grows naturally near Aleppo, and in feveral 
other parts of Syria, and is a tree of middling growth 
there. The two larged which Mr. Miller had feen were 
at Goodwood in Suffex, the feat of his grace the duke of 
Richmond, which were raifed by Mr. Miller, and had 
been transplanted thither the year before ; and, having 
fcarcely recovered their removal, had made no (hoots 
that dimmer, and therefore efcaped much betterthan thofe 
trees which were in greater vigour. The feeds of this 
tree were fent to Mr. Miller from Aleppo by Conful Cox, 
in the year 1731. He raifed many of the plants in the 
Chelfea-garden, fome of which were grown upwards of 
eight feet high by the year 1740, when mod of them were 
deflroyed by the frod. 
Mr. Miller mentions that he received cones of a 
pine-tree brought from Aleppo by Dr. Ruffel, from 
which he raifed many plants, bearing a near refemblance 
to this; but that the cones Were more pointed, and the 
fcaly protuberances (harper, than thofe of the Goodwood 
cones. Mr. Miller therefore fufpefls them to be different, 
and imagines the cones brought over by Dr. Ruffel to be¬ 
long to Tournefort’s P. orientalis foliis durioribus ama- 
ris, fru£lu parvo peracuto. 
10. Pinus pinea, the done pine-tree : leaves two in a 
ffieath, primordial ones ciliate; cones ovate, blunt, 
alrnod unarmed, longer than the leaf; nuts hard. The 
leaves of the done-pine are not quite fo long as thofe of 
the pinader, and are of a greyiih or fea-green colour. 
The cones are not more than five inches long ; but are 
very thick, roundifh, and end obtufely; the dales are 
flat, and the feeds are more than twice the fize of thofe of 
the pinader. Native of the fouth of Europe and north ot 
Africa. Mr. Hawkins and Dr. Sibthorp obferved it in 
Greece, efpecially in the fandy plains of Elis, from whence 
the nuts are exported for eating, and the timber is often 
ufed for (hip-building. In Italy thefe nuts generally 
fupply the place of almonds, in various articles of cookery ; 
and that they have done fo from remote antiquity, ap¬ 
pears from their having been found among the domedic 
dores in the pantries of Herculaneum and Pompeii. 
The kernel is fweet, with a turpentine-flavour; its (hell 
very hard. This tree appears to great advantage in the 
landfcapes and gardens about Rome, as well as occa- 
fionally in our Englifh plantations. Its fine dark-green 
leaves, copious male bloffoms diffufing a ffiower of ful- 
phureous pollen on all the neighbouring plants, and the 
maffy cones, render it very remarkable. Miller doubts 
whether this fpecies is originally of Ravenna in Italy, 
becaufe there are none of the trees growing there, except 
where they have been planted, or where the feeds, are 
fcattered from planted trees. He has frequently received 
