486 
P I N U S. 
the fpruce-fir in cold land; no tree is more beautiful 
(landing fingle on turf in large plantations, or more ufeful 
for (heifer in cold foils and fituations. 
An incifion being made into the bark, a clear tenacious 
fluid iffues, which concretes into a reflnous fubdance, 
which, after being boiled in water, and drained through a 
linen cloth, is called in the Pharmacopoeias Burgundy 
pitch. But, if the boiling of the native refin is continued 
till the water is wholly evaporated, and wine vinegar is 
at this time added, a fubllance named colophonium is 
formed. Burgundy pitch, which is chiefly imported 
from Saxony, is of a folid confidence, yet fomewhat foft, 
of a reddilh-brown colour, and not difagreeable in fmell. 
It is entirely confined to external ufe, and was formerly 
an ingredient in feveral ointments and pladers. In 
inveterate coughs, affe&ions of the lungs, and other 
internal complaints, pladers of this refin, by aCting as a 
topical dimulus, are frequently found of confiderable 
fervice. Frefli cones boiled in whey and beer brewed 
with pine-tops, are accounted good in inveterate fcurvies. 
Even the air impregnated with the exhalations of fir-trees 
is reckoned very wholefotne, particularly for phthyficky 
perfons. Refin melted with bees-wax, and dirred about, 
or fmall pellets of pitch thrown into the fire, or on heated 
plates of iron, are edeemed ufeful in the adhma. 
27. Pinus alba, the white fpruce fir-tree : leaves 
folitary, four cornered, the lateral ones curved in, 
branches almod naked beneath, cones fubcylindrical. 
For the didindiion between this and the black fpruce, fee 
No. 24. _ 
28. Pinus orientalis, the oriental fir: leaves folitary, 
quadrangular; cones ovato-cylindrical, pendulous; their 
fcales fomewhat rhomboid. Gathered by Tournefort on 
lofty mountains above the convent of St. John, twenty- 
five miles fouth-ead of Trebifonde. The modern Greeks 
know this tree by the name of and it feems to be 
the only fpecies of the fpruce tribe that Tournefort found 
in the Levant. The leaves of Tournefort’s plant are very 
(liort, being hardly half an inch long, fomewhat incurved ; 
cones two inches long, dalked, quite pendulous, ovate 
and tapering, with rounded, entire^even fcales. 
29. Pinus Fraferi, the double-balfam fir: leaves folitary, 
flat, emarginate. Cones ovate-oblong, eredl, their fcales 
elongated, reflexed, oblong wedge-fhaped, emarginate, 
(liort-pointed, toothed. Found on Site high mountains 
of Carolina by the late Mr. Frafer, by whom it has been 
introduced into England. Mr. Purfli, who met with the 
fame fpecies on the Broad Mountains, Pennfylvania, de- 
fcribes it as a fmaller tree than the P. balfamea, with 
(hotter more ereCl leaves, and cones not one-fourth fo 
large. 
30. Pinus taxifolia, the Nootka fir: leaves folitary, flat, 
entire; cones oblong; antherae of two inflated lobes; 
their cred minute, reflexed; common filament fhorter 
than the concave fringed bra&es. Gathered by Mr. 
Menzies at Nootka Sound; and by Mr. Lewis on the 
banks of the Columbia. A tall elegant tree, bearing 
.fome refemblance to the P. Canadenfis, but the leaves are 
more than twice as long, and entire. The antherre too, 
as far as they could be made out from a dried fpecimen, 
appear very diderent; and the cones are faid by Mr. 
Menzies to be longer, as well as differently (liaped. 
31. Pinus lanceolata, the lance-leaved Chinefe pine- 
tree : leaves folitary, lanceolate, flat, fpreading, with taper 
pungent points; cones globofe, with pointed fcales. 
Gathered by the late fir G. L. Staunton, bart. in the pro¬ 
vince of Clie-kiang, China, from whofe fpecimen Mr. 
Lambert at fird publiflied an uncoloured figure. A 
coloured drawing, with a diffeftion of the cone, difpiaying 
the feeds, each of which is reprefented as encompafled 
with an oval wing, was fubfequently fent from Canton by 
by artid in the employment of the Ead-Jndia Company ; 
an all which Mr. Lambert has profited. Living plants 
were alfo brought to Kew in 1804, and are now cultivated 
in the green-houfes of that and fome other choice collec¬ 
tions, but have not yet bloffomed. The afpeCt of this 
tree or (hrub, for w'e know nothing of its natural dature, 
is fo unlike all other pines or firs, that its unripe cones 
were a&ually fuppofed to be excrefcences, or galls, owing 
to the attacks of infeCts. The copious deflexed rigid 
pungent leaves, near an inch and a half long, of a fine 
green, fpread in every direction; they are entire, but 
rough-edged, and furnifhed with three ribs. Cones about 
as big as wallnuts, fefliie, rather drooping, almod glo¬ 
bular, of many ovate pointed fcales. 
Gaertner remarks a Angularity in this genus, that the 
number of cotyledons differs in the different fpecies. The 
fylvedris has five, cernbra twelve, cedrus fix, larix two, 
picea five, nigra three, canadenfis four, abies nine. Hence 
he recommends the cotyledons of the feeds, as well as the 
cones, to be called in for fpecific differences, when the 
leaves are not fufficient. According to Linnaeus, P. 
drobus, or Weymouth-pine, has from fix to ten cotyle¬ 
dons; and is the connecting link between pinus and 
abies, the pines and the firs. Thefe didinCtions deferve 
to be attended to, but they are not fufficient to induce us 
to lacerate a natural genus. 
Propagation and Culture. All the forts of pines are pro¬ 
pagated by feeds, which are produced in hard woody 
cones; the way to get out their feeds is to lay the cones 
before a gentle fire, or in the fun, which will caufe the 
cells to open, and then the feeds may be eafily taken out. 
The application of too great a heat will injure or dedroy 
vegetation in them ; and the practice of laying the cones 
on the floor of a malt-kiln, which is faid to be ufed by 
feedfmen, will account for the badnefs of feed purchafed 
from wholefale dealers. It may alfo be too old, for the 
feeds of pines and firs (liould be fown as foon as poflible 
after they are taken from the cones. Mr. Miller has af¬ 
firmed, that the feeds, kept in the cones, will grow at 
feven, or even ten or twelve, years old. Mr. Hanbury, 
and Mr. Marlhall from him, call this a very great and 
dangerous midake, at lead as applied to the done-pine ; 
for the feeds of this fort, whether kept in the cones or 
taken out, are never good after the fird year. This may 
probably be right; but Mr. Miller’s affirmation is of pines 
in general, not of the done-pine in particular; and Mr. 
Miller himfelf confirms thefe gentlemen’s correction in 
fome meafure, by faying that he had frequently received 
the feeds of a pine from China, fo like thofe of the done- 
pine as not to be didinguifhed fromthem; but that, being 
taken out of the cones, they never grew'. 
The bed time for fowing the feeds of pines is about the 
end of March ; and, when the feeds are fown, the place 
(liould be covered with nets to keep off birds ; otherwife, 
when the plants begin to appear with the hufk of the feed 
on their tops, the birds will pick off the heads of the 
plants and dedroy them. Where the quantity of feeds to 
be fown is not great, it will be a good way to fow them 
either in boxes or pots, filled with light loamy earth, 
which may be removed from one fituation to another, ac¬ 
cording to the feafon of the year ; but, if there is a large 
quantity of the feeds, fo as to require a good fpace to re¬ 
ceive them, they (liould be fown on an ead or north-end 
border, where they may be fcreened from the fun, whofe 
heat is very injurious to thefe plants at their fird appear¬ 
ance above ground. Thofe feeds which are fown in pots 
or boxes (liould alfo be placed in a (hady fituation, but 
not under trees; and, if they are fcreened from the-fun 
with mats at the time when the plants fird come up, it 
will be a good method to preferve them. 
Mod of the forts will come up in about fix or feven weeks 
after they are fown ; but the feeds of the done-pine, and 
two or three of the others, whofe (hells are very hard, fre¬ 
quently lie in the ground a whole year; fo that, when 
the plants do not come up the fird year, the ground 
(hould not be didurbed, but kept clean from weeds, and 
the following fpring the plants will rife. This frequently 
happens in dry feafons, and when they are fown in places 
a little too much expofed to the fun. Therefore the furefl 
method 
