PIPE. 
493 
We have given a reprefentation of one of the latter 
machines. Figs, z and 3 are fedlions of the mould for 
calling the pipes ; A A is the bench, fupported on legs 
like a (tool in an inclined pofition; B, B, are the two 
halves of the mould, fitted into each other with double 
rebates, as fhown in the fefrion fig. 3, that they may come 
together correctly, and are held fo by the fcrews D, D, 
fitted through pieces of iron E, E, fattened to the bench ; 
the halves of the moulds have at each end a flat fide be¬ 
neath, which refis upon the iron plate connefting the 
t wo pieces E, E; F is the core, held in its pofition by 
collars at each end of the mould embracing it; G is the 
rack, and HIK the wheel-work for drawing out the 
core; d is the entry for the metal, railed up to the fame 
ievel as the higheft point the metal is intended to run 
into. The intention of the inclined pofition for the 
mould is, that the metal may run in at the loweft point of 
the mould, and expel the air as it riles, at a vent in the 
l.igheft point of the mould, which is e. By this means 
the danger of air-bubbles in the pipe is avoided. The 
interior lurface of the mould is bored out truly cylin¬ 
drical; and, the core being turned in the lathe, they are 
certain when put together to leave an equal fpace all 
round, a circuinftanee which is eflential to form a good 
pipe, as the fucceeding procefs of drawing will tend to 
make an error of this kind worfe. The core, F, is feen in 
fig. 3 to have a neck or fmaller part at the end d: the 
treblet or core ag, fig. 4, upon which the pipe is to be 
drawn, is of the lame fize, and has a fimilar neck, fo that 
the pipe, when put upon it, fits it in every part, as is 
fhown in fig. 4. and the (boulder of the neck prevents the 
treblet being drawn through the pipe in the direction 
from g to a, as it was put in by the oppofite direftion. 
Beyond the neck the treblet has a notch cut in each fide 
at g, leaving a neck ; and by this it is feized in a fort of 
claw belonging to the draw-bench, which is exhibited in 
figs. 5 and 6, the former being a plan, and the latter a fec- 
tion. In thefe, L, M, are two ftrong timbers, bolted to 
uprights N, O, at one end of each, and to a crofs beam, 
W, at the other end; the uprights fupport bearings for 
the gudgeons of a ftrong iron fpindle, which has the cog¬ 
wheel, h, fixed upon its end, and is turned round by the 
pinion l, receiving a rotative motion from a fteam-engine 
or water-wheel. Pis a roller, fitted on the fpindle fo as 
to flip round freely upon it; it has two claws affixed into 
it at one end, which are feized by the ends of an iron 
bar, in, fixed faft upon the fpindle. By this means, when 
the roller is thruft towards m, it is engaged with its arms, 
and compelled to turn round with the fpindle ; but, when 
drawn back from m, it is at liberty to flip round indepen¬ 
dent of it; Q is a lever affixed to a vertical axis; it is 
forked at the end, and embraces a collar upon the end of 
the roller, fo as to draw it backwards or forwards, and by 
this means engage or difengage it from the fpindle at 
pleafure; R is another lever on the fame fpindle, to the 
end whereof a long rod, S, is jointed; and this has feveral 
handles fixed to it, as fhown in fig. 6, by which it can be 
moved, and the machine flopped or put in motion by a 
man ftanding at any part of the long bench L M. The 
roller, P, lias a pair of fpiral grooves formed on its cir¬ 
cumference, for the reception of two chains, n,n, which 
wind upon it; the ends of thefe chains are hooked to a 
little carriage, p, running upon two wheels, and having 
in its hinder part a fork or double claw to catch in the 
notches at the end of the treblet T, alfo fhown in fig. 4. 
X is a caft-iron frame, fecurely bolted down upon the 
crofs beam W ; it has a notch in its upright fide, which 
is neareft the roller, to allow the treblet and pipe to pafs 
through, but at the fame time forms a lodgment for the 
fteel plate, through which the pipe is to be drawn. The 
workmen are provided with a great number of thefe plates, 
one of which is fhown at Y : they are called uhirtles ; the 
fizes of the holes through them diminifh very gradually, 
from the diameter of the rough call pipe, to the fize to 
which it is intended to be reduced. The holes through 
Voi.. XX. No. 1385. 
them are made rounding at each fide, to facilitate the exit 
and entry of the pipe. The bench is continued beyond 
the beam V/, and has a number of rollers in it, to fupport 
the pipe as it is drawn along. 
The prccefs of drawing is as follows: The lead pipe, 
being fitted upon the treblet, as in fig 4, is laid upon the 
rollers in the bench ; and, the end of the treblet being put 
through the largelt of the fet of whirtles, its end is 
hooked into the claws in the carriage p, and the whirtle 
lodged againft the cheeks of the frame X: the rod, S, is 
now pulled, which engages the roller with the fpindle 
(fuppofed to be all the while in motion) ; this winds up 
the double chains n, drawing the pipe through the whir¬ 
tle, by which it diminifhes its fize and lengthens it out : 
when the pipe is drawn quite through, the roller is call; 
off by pulhing the rod S ; the treblet is unhooked front 
the carriage, and pulhed back upon the rollers in the 
bench to its former pofition ; another fmaller W'hirtle is 
put on ; the carriage is drawn back by hand (the roller 
turning round on its fpindle), and the pipe is drawn 
through it as before. In this manner the bufinefs pro¬ 
ceeds till the pipe is finilhed. 
In 1804, Mr. Alderfon took out a patent for lead pipes 
which were to be lined with tin, for the conveyance of 
beer, water, or other fluids which were in danger of re¬ 
ceiving a taint from the corrofion of the lead. This he 
accomplifhed by calling a lead pipe in the manner above 
defcribed, then withdrawing the core, and throwing into 
the pipe a fmall quantity of powdered rofin. Another 
core (mailer than the former is next inferted into the cen¬ 
tre of the pipe, and melted tin poured in to fill up the 
fpace. The pipes are call in a vertical pofition, and the 
rofin melting by the heat floats upon the lurface of the 
tin, and adds as a flux to unite it with the lead. This 
pipe of lead, lined with tin, is now to be drawn or rolled 
to length as before-mentioned. We are informed Mr. 
Alderfon employs rollers to extend them inftead of the 
draw- bench. 
Mr. Bramah’s method of making lead pipes is very in¬ 
genious; it is performed by a proeefs of pumping or for¬ 
cing the metal, in its fluid Hate, through proper moulds. 
A boiler or kettle is fitted up over a fire-grate, with flues 
for the fufion of the metal ; in the centre of this boiler a 
force-pump is fixed up, its fuftion-valve drawing in the 
melted lead contained in the boiler: the forcing-pipe 
of the pump proceeds through the fide of the boiler, and 
conducts the lead to the mould, which is fixed on the end 
of the pipe outfide of the boiler : it confifts of a tube, 
bored perfedlly fmooth and cylindrical, its interior dia¬ 
meter being equal to the outfide of the pipe intended to 
be made ; tiie end of the mould neareft the boiler expands 
into a conical mouth larger than the mould itfelf, and 
acrofs this wideft part a crofs-bar is fixed, to fupport a 
core or mandrel, of a diameter equal to the bore of the 
intended pipe, and fituated exactly in the centre of the 
mould, leaving an equal fpace all round between them : 
the core is (lightly conical, being rather lefs at its extre¬ 
mity, which terminates at the fame length with the ex¬ 
ternal mould. There muft be fufficient openings left at 
thefidesof the crofs-bar fupporting the core, to allow the 
lead to pafs freely by, that it may unite again after palling 
the crofs and completely fill the mould. The mould 
pafles through one of the fire-flues furrounding the boiler, 
that it may be kept fo hot as to procure the lead in its 
fluid ftate, till it arrives nearly at the point of the mould, 
which is immerfed in a ciftern of hot water. The opera¬ 
tion is Ample : the pump, being worked, forces the lead 
through the mould, the heat and length of which are fo 
regulated, that the lead may chill a little before it quits 
the extremity of the mould, and ilfues forth in a (olid 
ftate into the water ciftern, forming a pipe of any length. 
Mr. Bramah took out a patent for this method in 1797. 
Pipe, an implement ufed in the fmoking of tobacco, 
confifting of a long tube, made of a particular kind of 
clay baked hard : at one end a little cavity or furnace is 
6 K lorrned, 
