p I p 
503 
P 1 P 
(elves the trouble of cultivating it. At prcfent it is a 
well-known circumftance, that many, when their pep¬ 
per is ripe, rather than take the pains to gather and 
carry it to the go-down, fuffer it to fall and rot in the 
ground.” In order to obtain coffee and pepper at fuch 
reduced prices, the European government was compelled 
to forego all direCt revenue, for which the commercial pro¬ 
fits became a fubftitute. Thus, in confideration of each 
inhabitant cultivating a certain number of plants, and 
delivering the produce at a certain rate, he was relieved 
from further taxation, and no rent was paid for the land. 
Were the land-rents eftablifhed in thofe diftriCts of Java 
which produce coffee at the price (fated, on the (ame 
principle as in the eaftern diltri< 5 ls of the illand, where cul¬ 
tivation is free, the amount would be nearly equal to the 
average commercial profit, when fold on the (pot. It would, 
however, be ufelefs to purfue the fubjedt farther ; and we 
rather refer the reader, who may wi(h to fee it more fully 
illuftrated, to the volume we have quoted ; to Dalrym- 
ple’s Oriental Repertory, vol. i. and to Buchanan’s Jour¬ 
ney.from Madras through the countries of Myfore, Ma¬ 
labar, See. 1811. 
2. Extenfive gardens for cultivating betel are formed in 
different parts of India. The foil moft favourable for the 
areca-paim is a black mould on a fubllratum of limeftone, 
orintermixed with calcareous nodules. Here it is planted 
in rows, and carefully manured and watered during 
feveral years. It begins to bear from the eighth or tenth 
to the fifteenth year, and remains in perfection for thirty 
years ; foon after which, it either dies or is cut down. 
The beteWeaf is either cultivated in feparate gardens, 
where a red (tony foil on the fide of a rifing ground is 
preferred, and plantains or bamboos planted along with 
the vines, which are arranged in trenches, to fupport 
them as they grow ; or, when an areca-plantation is 
formed, and the palms are fifteen years old, cuttings of 
the vine are planted near the roots, and trained up to the 
trees. In twelve or eighteen months the leaves of the 
vine are fit for fale, and in three years they are full-fized ; 
but in another year they die, when all muff be removed, 
and youpg plants immediately fubftituted for them. We 
do not know whether their duration is never longer; but 
in the fouthern parts of Canara in India, the gardens 
require renewal every four years, and in eighteen or 
twenty the foil is confidered to be exhaufted. Thefe 
gardens are always furrounded by a hedge; fometimes 
the cultivators are annoyed with the depredations of 
fquirrels and elephants. The crop of the areca is pro¬ 
duced during three months; and the nut being pulled, 
is cut into feven or eight pieces, and piled up in a heap ; 
then the fame quantity ot it and terra japonica, together 
with ioo leaves of betel-leaf, are beat together with water, 
and the juice (trained into a pot. This is mixed with a 
decoCtion of the bark of the Mimofa Indica and w'ater, 
and the nuts from the whole heap fucceffively boiled in 
it. They are then expofed to be dried in the fun. 
13. No plant is cultivated with fo much care and affi- 
duity in the South-fea iflands as the intoxicating pepper, 
or ava. The ground is dug over leveral times and well 
cleared from weeds, and then it is manured with (hell or 
coral lime. 
31. Seeds of this are rarely produced in England ; but 
it increafes very fall by the ftalks, which put out roots; 
as do many other fpecies. It fiiould have little wet, efpe- 
cially in winter. If the plants are plunged into the fan- 
bed in the ftove, the ftalks will ltrike new roots into the 
tan, and may be cut oft' to make new plants. This will 
apply to feveral other forts. Moft of them will alfo grow 
by cuttings, laid a few days in the (hade to dry, being of 
a fucculent nature. See Capsicum, Fagara, Laci- 
stema, and Myrtus fimenta. 
PIP'ERAH, a town of Hindooftan, in Bahar ;• twenty- 
two miles fouth-fouth-weft of Patna. 
PIPERA'PJUM, / An old name of a plant found in 
Apuleius, and (aid to have its name from its heat to the 
tafte ; which was fo offenfive to the bees, that, if a piece 
of it were hung up in the hive, it would drive them all 
out. This is a very ftrange account: and, as we meec 
with nothing to countenance it in any other author, 
there is reafon to fufpeCt it to be an error; and there feems 
this foundation for it: the acorus root is faid by Diofco- 
rides to be the root of a plant allied to the papyrus, or 
paper-reed of the river Nile ; and is thence called by that 
author papyraceous. This word may have been formed by 
Apuleius into piperapium, by way of amendment, and all 
the reft might be occafioned by this. 
PIPEREL'LA, f. in botany. See Thymus. 
PIP'ERI, a (mail ifland in the Grecian Archipelago: 
fix miles north of Serpho. 
PIP'ERI SIM'ILIS. See Vitex. 
PIP'ERIDGE-TREE. See Berberis. 
PIP'ERINE, adj. [from piper.'] Having the prevailing 
qualities of pepper. Bailei/. 
PIP'ERINE,/. See p. 495. 
PIPERI'NO, f. in mineralogy, a fubftance that feems 
to be a concretion of volcanic afties, and is faid to be that 
which covers Pompeii. Its colour, grey, or reddith- 
brown ; its fraCture earthy ; contains fragments of white 
marble, feldfpar, mica, garnet, fcorite, gypfum, (hori, 
granite, &c. its hardnefs 6 ; fometimes magnetic, fome¬ 
times not. It feems to differ from the tufas, in contain¬ 
ing more heterogeneities, being in faff a kind of porphy¬ 
ry, or breccia, and being more eafily decompofed by ex- 
pofure to moifture and the open air; but, if preferved 
from moifture, it hardens when expofed to the air. Kir- 
wan. 
PIPERPTA. See Fagara. 
PIPER'NO, a town of Italy, in the Campagna di Roma, 
formerly the fee of a bilhop, which, on account of its po¬ 
verty, was, in 1225, united to Terracina. It was built 
out of the ruins of the ancient Privernum, which, accord¬ 
ing to Virgil, was the native place of the Amazon Ca¬ 
milla, daughter to Metabus king of the Volfci, who 
ferved againft YEneas, in the army of Turnus king of 
the Rutuli, and was treacheroufly (lain by Aruns, whilft 
flie was fighting with the greateft bravery. This town is 
recorded in hiftory on a much more remarkable accounr. 
Its inhabitants, together with the Fundanians, having 
been routed by Papyrius, the conful C. N. Plautius laid 
liege to Privernum the following year, and took it; he 
caufed the commander’s head to be ftruck off; and, con¬ 
tented with this, immediately interceded for the reft of 
the inhabitants. Their ambaffador, coming to Rome 
along with him, and appearing before the fenate in a very, 
humble pofture, fued the fathers for peace. The fenators 
having alked him in a haughty tone, what puniftiment 
he thought his fellow-citizens deferved for taking up 
arms againft the Romans; “Such an one,” he replied, 
“ as a people who fight for their liberty can deferve.” 
Plautius, fearing that this bold repartee might raife ill- 
blood in the affembly, put another queftion to the ambaf¬ 
fador; “ Suppofing (faid he) that at your earned requeft, 
we (liould grant you a peace; what do yon propofe to do 
in that cafe ?” The ambaffador fubjoined with the fame 
calmnefsand refolution, “ If it be a good and honourable 
one, we (hall inviolably keep it; otherwife it will be of 
courfeof a (liort duration.” This greatnefs of foul, in- 
fteadof provoking the fenators, produced a quite contrary 
effeCt; in fhort, the Privernates were forgiven, obtained 
an advantageous peace, and likewife the freedom of the 
city of Rome. This town was for many ages capital of 
the Volfci, a warlike and powerful nation, who gave the 
Romans a vaft deal of trouble during a great number of 
years. By its remains we may conjecture that it mud 
have been a very confiderable city : nine miles north- 
north-weft of Terracina, and thirty-eight fouth-eall of 
Rome. 
PIPERODEN'DRON,/. in botany. See Schinus. 
PIPEROO'NE, a town of Hindooftan, in Bahar: twen¬ 
ty-five miles north of Durbungah. 
PIPER'RT 
