P I P R A. 505 
mixed colours of blue, green, and black, in their various 
intermediate approaches towards their perfeft date. It 
has been faid that the females are wholly of an olive-green 
colour, remaining fo during life, but retaining the creft 
like the male: but we will notaffert this for fa£L Thefe 
birds are natives of Brafil and Cayenne, and have been 
found in the iile of Cuba. 
3. Pipra fuperba, the fuperb manakin : deep black; 
middle feathers of the crown longifli, and of a flame- 
colour; between the wings a pale blue lunular blotch; 
primary quill-feathers brownilh. The bill is black; legs 
pale yellow ; feathers of the front covering the noftrils; 
briftles at the noftrils, and angles of the mouth ; primary 
quill-feathers pointed ; tail thort. 
4. Pipra criftata, the crefted purple manakin : a fmall 
and beautiful fpecies, length only three inches and a half. 
Bill red ; the top of the head crefted, and of a pale- 
yellow colour; the reft of the body and wings of the molt 
elegant purple ; tail red. This inhabits Mexico and 
Brafil. _ 
5. Pipra picicitli, the Mexican manakin: cinereous; 
head and neck black; round the eyes a whitifli fpot, 
which ends in a point at the breaft. Inhabits Mexico, 
and is of very fmall ftze. 
6. Pipra rubetra, the yellow manakin : bill and creft 
yellow. General colour of the plumage yellowifh ; throat 
brown ; quill-feathers and tail bright blue. Inhabits 
Brafil and Cayenne. 
7. Pipra torquata, the collared manakin : black ; bill 
yellowifh, head bright red. The throat and fore part of the 
neck are of a golden yellow, in fliape of a collar; hind 
part of the neck, back, rump, the breaft, and reft of the 
under parts, are black; w'ing-coverts and quills deep 
blue; tail black; legs pale yellow. Inhabits Brafil, 3^ 
inches long. 
8. Pipra miacacototl, the New-Spain manakin : black, 
with a tew whitith feathers 5 beliy pale; wings and tail 
beneath cinereous. Inhabits New Spain; rather fmall. 
9. Pipra pundlata, the fpeckled manakin : greyitli 
brown, waved with dufky : top of the head and wings 
black, fpeckled with white; tail-coverts red. Inhabits 
New Holland. 
10. Pipra grifea, the grey manakin: grey, beneath 
yellow; hind-head crefted. This is fhaped like a fparrow, 
and is three inches and a quarter long: bill yellow'; on 
the forehead is a yellow fpot. The head, hind part of the 
neck, back, and rump, are grey ; the throat, and fore 
part of the neck, quite to the tail, light yellow ; greater 
wing-coverts red ; quills and tail cinereous grey. 
11. Pipra albifrons, the white-faced manakin : creft 
white, back black. Length five inches and a quarter : 
bill black, ftraighr, and pointed 5 the head is crefted, 
confiding of long pointed feathers, which may be elevated 
or deprelfed at will; the creft, throat, and patch between 
the eyes, white; a white ftreak paffes over the eye ; the 
white cn the throat is furrounded with a border of biack 
all round from eye to eye ; the reft of the body and tail 
orange-colour, inclining to cinnamon ; the hind part of 
the neck, middle of the back, and wings, are blackifh 
alh-colour; thighs dutky; legs reddifli-yellow. 
( 3 . A variety, which meafures fix inches in length, and 
is remarkable for its creft, which is compofed of fcattered 
white feathers, fome of which areabove an inch in length, 
and give it a lingular appearance. The bill is black, 
curved at the tip; the whole front, as far as the eye, 
chin, and throat, are white, bordered with black, which 
is broadeft on the hind head; the back and wings are 
dutky black; and the reft of the body and tail bright 
cinnamon colour, inclined to ferruginous; legs red. 
Found in Guiana, where it is faid to be rare. 
12. Pipra erythrocephala, the golden-headed manakin : 
black ; head orange-colour. A very fmall bird; only 
three inches and a quarter in length ; bill five lines, and 
of a dull yellow; crown of the head, nape, and cheeks. 
Von. XX. No. 1386. 
bright thining golden orange; reft of the body, wings, 
and tail, purplith black; legs fleth-colour. See fig. 5. 
0 . A variety equally fmall with the above, but more 
beautiful. The top of the head crimfon ; reft of the body, 
wings, and tail, gloffy fteel black; quills and tail blackifh, 
with glofty fteel margins; thighs white ; but the outfide, 
near the joint or garter, is bright crimfon ; legs yellowifh. 
13. Pipra aureola, the red-and-black manakin : black; 
head and breaft fcarlet. Length three inches three quar¬ 
ters. Bill black; the bafe furrounded with orange; 
head, neck, throat, and breaft, crimlon ; in fome, bright 
orange; back, rump, fcapulars, upper wing and tail 
coverts, belly, and tides, black, withaglofsof polithed 
fteel; the middle of the belly inclines to red, in fome 
golden yellow; thighs grey ; on the wings is a white fpot; 
beneath them fine yellow; legs and claws red, The 
upper part of the body of the female is olive, with a mere 
trace of red furrounding the head like a crown ; the 
under parts are olive yellow; the reft as in the male. 
Young birds have the w’hole body of an olive colour, 
except the head, throat, breaft, and belly, which are 
marked with red fpots. This fpecies is the moft common 
at Guiana of all others of this genus. 
0 . The black-and-yellow manakin: black; head and 
breaft yellow. A variety, with the head, neck, breaft, 
belly, and fides, golden orange ; the reft of the plumage 
black, except the thighs, which are orange and black- 
mixed, and the bend of the wing dull orange; on the 
middle of the wing is a fpot of white; legs and claws 
brown. This likewife inhabits Guiana. 
14. Pipra caudata, the long-tailed manakin : blue ; 
crown fcarlet; wings black; two middle tail-feathers 
long and pointed ; fides of the neck and tail with a green 
luftre. Inhabits South America. 
15. Pipra leucocephala, the. white-headed manakin: 
black; head white. This is nearly the fize of the wag¬ 
tail, and the bill ftronger. The head is white; the reft 
of the body black; and about the mouth are feveral 
ftrong briftles. Native of Surinam. 
16. Pipra leucocapilla, the white-capped manakin: 
dutky black; cap white. Still lefs than the preceding. 
Bill grey brown ; top of the head white; the reft of the 
body of a fine polifhea fteel black ; legs and claws reddith. 
Inhabits Guiana, as well as Brafil and Mexico; they 
flock together; moftly frequenting woods; and have 
the fame chirping note common to almoft all of this ge¬ 
nus ; but Linnaeus obferves, that the prefent fpecies 
tings remarkably well, and is met with among the reeds. 
17. Pipra gutturalis, the white-throated manakin: 
black; throat white. Length three inches eight lines: 
bill four lines and a half; the upper mandible blackitli; 
the lower white. The whole plumage is of a fine polithed 
fteely black, except the fore part of the neck and throat, 
which are white ; fome of the middle quills are alfo more 
or lefs white on the inner webs; legs and claws red. 
Inhabits the hotter parts of America. 
18. Pipra ferena, the white-fronted manakin: black; 
forehead white, rump blue. A minute fpecies, fize only 
of a wren: bill half an inch, and black; forehead white, 
but the feathers are black at the bafe, then blue, tipped 
with white; on the crown the white filvery tips are want¬ 
ing, whence it appears blue; the reft of the head, neck, 
breaft, body, wings, and tail, are of a velvety bluifti 
black; rump blue; belly, thighs, and vent, fine orange ; 
legs black. This inhabits Cayenne and Guiana, but is rare. 
19. Pipra manacus, the black-capped manakin, or nut¬ 
cracker: black; beneath white; a white fpot on the wing. 
Length, four inches and a quarter; bill, crown, and hind 
head, black; the chin, fore part of the neck, and underparts 
of the body, w'hite; which, pafling round the lower part 
of the neck, forms a ring or collar; on the wings a white 
fpot; the reft of the piuinage dull biack; legs orange. 
0 . No white fpot on the wing. Legs yellow. Moft 
likely a fexual difference. 
6 N 
Thefe 
